Agriculture trade policy measures and geopolitics in major regional trading blocs: Policy advocacy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madiga Bala Dastagiri ◽  
Padigapati Venkata Naga Sindhuja
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Policy Advocacy ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Trading Blocs

Umwelt- und Sozialdumping: Argumente gegen freien Welthandel?

1997 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Adlung ◽  
Rolf J. Langhammer ◽  
Paul Klemmer
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Employee Rights ◽  
International Labour Organisation ◽  
Factor Endowments ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
State Interventions ◽  
Price Differences

AbstractThis economic policy forum deals with the question of whether environmental and social dumping justifies countervailing trade policy measures. Rolf Langhammer and Rudolf Adlung both argue that there is no need for such policy measures. Langhammer first questions the effectiveness of anti-dumping procedures in general, since their effect on domestic economies is rather detrimental. He then argues that due to different preferences and factor endowments prices for environment and labour vary between countries. Trade policy measures in order to adjust these price differences would be contra-productive for protecting the environment and the rights of employees. On the contrary, they would reduce economic growth in these countries, which is necessary for a higher level of environmental protection and employee rights. Therefore he rejects the idea of introducing anit-dumping measures with regard to environmental and social objectives.Adlung addresses the question of whether the WTO is an adequate forum for establishing worldwide environmental and social standards. He contends that this is not the case since the WTO provides a framework for trade policy in order to improve the efficiency of markets by reducing state interventions. The inclusion of environmental and social policy objectives in the WTO would have the opposite effect because it would give states an argument for protectionist measures. Therefore he suggests that environmental and social policy aspects should be dealt with in different fora such as the International Labour Organisation.Paul Klemmer holds that protectionist measures might be justified if environmental policies have trade distortive effects. However, so far empirical studies have not proved that divergent international environmental standards lead to negative economic effects. Furthermore, in order to take any action against a country it has to be proved that the country purposefully imposes intolerable damage on its eco-system or its population. Yet, due to methodological problems, it is rather difficult to judge whether a certain policy can be considered to be one of environmental dumping. Hence, protectionist measures are rather inappropriate to avert environmental dumping.

scholarly journals Changes in world trade and trade policy in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic: challenges and opportunities for Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
Tamara Ostashko ◽  
◽  
Iryna Kobuta ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Broadband Internet ◽  
The World ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Policy Measures

The article analyzes the trends of world trade and features of trade policies across the world during the period of economic restrictions imposed to prevent the spread of COVID-19. It also analyzes the development of Ukraine’s foreign trade and trade policy measures, which are applied by the government in the pandemic. Based on the identification of challenges and opportunities for the development of this country’s foreign trade during this pandemic and the analysis of forecasts and recommendations of international organizations, the authors substantiate proposals on the directions of Ukraine’s trade policy with an emphasis on the agri-food market A comparison of world trade developments in 2020 and 2021 forecasted by international organizations is made in the article. In the first half of 2020, the world trade development was closer toward the optimistic scenario of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the World Bank scenario, but the expected second wave of the pandemic may return the world trade trend to the WTO pessimistic scenario, where the world trade could be reduced by 31,9% in 2020. The development of Ukraine's foreign trade also shows a trend close toward the more optimistic scenarios of international organizations - in the first half of 2020 the country’s foreign trade volume only decreased by 10.6% compared to the first half of 2019. In the article, the main channels of the COVID-19 impact on the world trade are indicated, namely: reduction of the production of goods and services due to restrictions on economic activity imposed by countries, disruption of global value chains, rising commercial costs, sharp decline in services, and price decrease of goods with low degree of processing. As in the rest of the world, the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine are largely mitigated by the spread of digital technologies in trade, and conversely, the pandemic stimulates their development. Already in the second quarter of 2020, Ukraine’s exports of ICT services resumed growth and exceeded the pre-crisis level of the fourth quarter of 2019. The authors identify advantages and issues of accelerated digitalization of trade in the pandemic. The protection measures introduced by countries, including Ukraine, after the spread of coronavirus, are analyzed, with an emphasis on policy measures related to agri-food trade. It is proved that the limit of wheat exports during the pandemic is the result of annual memorandum of grain market players, so it cannot be considered a policy measure restricting trade. It was also proved that the ban on the export of buckwheat introduced by the Ukrainian government, which expired on July 1, 2020, had of a rather political nature, since the supply of buckwheat on the domestic market and the level of consumer prices for this product were guaranteed by import deliveries. This conclusion applies to other goods of significant social importance, whose imports increased significantly during the pandemic, especially for products of animal origin. The directions of the formation of Ukraine’s trade policy in the conditions of world trade changes and trade policies revision are determined. The spread of the trend towards country self-sufficiency in food will lead to a reduction in food chains, a decrease in import dependence, an increase in state support and, as a result, a strengthening of competitive position of domestic producers. Therefore, full and timely financing of state budgetary programs to support agriculture in Ukraine is of particular importance. In order to strengthen the competitiveness of small and medium-sized agricultural producers in the context of the accelerated digitalization of trade as a result of the pandemic, it is necessary to rapidly develop the infrastructure that provides rural areas with high-speed fixed broadband Internet access. Along with the spread of protectionism in world trade, there is an opposite trend of liberalization of agri-food markets, typical for food-importing countries. Thus, the countries-exporters of agri-food products, which include Ukraine, will have easier access to the markets of these countries, new markets will open, and the situation on export markets will improve.

scholarly journals The trade policy response to COVID-19 and its implications for international business

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Curran ◽  
Jappe Eckhardt ◽  
Jaemin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
International Business ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
World Trade Organisation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Restrictive Measures ◽  
Trade Measures ◽  
Wto Agreements

Purpose This paper aims to explore trade policy measures taken in response to COVID-19 and analyses in detail their extent and nature. It assesses their compatibility with World Trade Organisation (WTO) agreements: specifically, whether they were necessary and justifiable efforts to protect the security and health of populations and asks how this widespread recourse to trade barriers may impact on international business? Design/methodology/approach This paper analyses an extensive database from the International Trade Centre of trade measures taken in response to COVID-19. It differentiates by type of country, nature and coverage of measures (imports or exports, type of product…). On the basis of existing jurisprudence, this paper analyses whether restrictive measures were likely to be judged legal under WTO rules. Findings This paper finds that, although the majority of trade measures are probably justifiable, there were nevertheless many measures whose coverage and/or nature was such that a justification under existing WTO exceptions is, at the very least, arguable. Such widespread and intense instigation of potentially WTO incompatible measures in such a short period of time undoubtedly undermines the global trade rules on which international business has relied for decades. Originality/value There is little existing analysis of the legality of measures taken under the security exceptions and no substantial analyses of the measures taken in response to COVID-19. Furthermore, little scholarly attention has been paid to the impacts on international business of the increasing use of WTO “exceptions” to justify trade measures to protect national industries and populations.

scholarly journals DOMINANT STRATEGIC TRADE POLICY

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 106-111
Author(s):  
Valentin Melnik
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Strategic Trade Policy ◽  
Cournot Duopoly ◽  
Strategic Trade ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Potential Gain ◽  
Policy Measures

In implementing trade policy measures, governments usually select from a range of instruments including quotas, subsidies (explicit or implicit) and tariffs. In this paper we consider the potential gain of a government pursuing a two-part trade policy: an import license for entry, along with a per-unit tariff on imports. The model is a three-step game between home and foreign countries in the Cournot duopoly. The paper demonstrates that two-part trade policy is dominant.

scholarly journals The trade policy effect in international trade: case of Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alassane D. Yeo ◽  
Aimin Deng
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Policy Effect ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Trading Pattern

AbstractThe debate on free trade and protectionism is ravaging in recent years. The industrialized countries are losing more and more market to the benefit of emerging countries. Liberals worry about new tariff barriers, while protectionists fear that unevenly distributed losses and gains will lead to significant economic dislocation of workers in import-competing industries. The economic policy of restricting imports and the economic policy of opening exports remain two critical measures of international trade. This study uses the gravity model to investigate the impacts of trade policy measures on trade flows between Pakistan and its dominant trading pattern for the period 2006 to 2015. The findings revealed the statistically significant correlation of trade policy variables on exports and imports. The study extended the analysis by examining four specificities groups of trade policy and continuing the analysis by estimating different country groups according to geographical or organizational clusters. The findings indicated that the specificities of trade policy have a statistically significant effect on exports and imports. Moreover, the signs of the coefficients are opposite in both models. The main political implication is that the proliferation of free trade agreements can have a positive impact on international trade.

scholarly journals The Effects of Protectionist Policies in Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Rata ◽  
Anurag Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
National Income ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Small Country ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Foreign Products ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Technical Rules

Protectionism is an economic doctrine that consists of protecting the national economy by limiting or prohibiting the import of foreign products. A country can filter foreign exchange through various protectionist, tariff (involves the use of customs barriers) and non-tariff (using barriers such as quotas, technical rules, administrative formalities, etc.). Governments resort to trade policy measures in a wide variety of situations: to balance the balance of payments, for a better allocation of resources (by promoting certain industries or sectors considered promising), to redistribute the national income, etc. Most commonly, however, they are used when domestic industries cannot cope with external competition. The main cause is their lack of competitiveness concerning foreign producers. For this reason, states often prefer to protect their domestic industries through trade policy measures, despite the negative effects they have on the economy as a whole. This paper outlines some issues specific to protectionist theories in foreign trade and their impact on a small country like Romania also protectionist theories, trade policies, and arguments in support of and against protectionism.

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