scholarly journals FOXP transcription factors in vertebrate brain development, function, and disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marissa Co ◽  
Ashley G. Anderson ◽  
Genevieve Konopka
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Vertebrate Brain

scholarly journals Emergence of neuronal diversity during vertebrate brain development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bushra Raj ◽  
Jeffrey A. Farrell ◽  
Aaron McKenna ◽  
Jessica L. Leslie ◽  
Alexander F. Schier
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Neural Progenitors ◽  
Neuronal Diversity ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Vertebrate Brain

ABSTRACTNeurogenesis in the vertebrate brain comprises many steps ranging from the proliferation of progenitors to the differentiation and maturation of neurons. Although these processes are highly regulated, the landscape of transcriptional changes and progenitor identities underlying brain development are poorly characterized. Here, we describe the first developmental single-cell RNA-seq catalog of more than 200,000 zebrafish brain cells encompassing 12 stages from 12 hours post-fertilization to 15 days post-fertilization. We characterize known and novel gene markers for more than 800 clusters across these timepoints. Our results capture the temporal dynamics of multiple neurogenic waves from embryo to larva that expand neuronal diversity from ∼20 cell types at 12 hpf to ∼100 cell types at 15 dpf. We find that most embryonic neural progenitor states are transient and transcriptionally distinct from long-lasting neural progenitors of post-embryonic stages. Furthermore, we reconstruct cell specification trajectories for the retina and hypothalamus, and identify gene expression cascades and novel markers. Our analysis reveal that late-stage retinal neural progenitors transcriptionally overlap cell states observed in the embryo, while hypothalamic neural progenitors become progressively distinct with developmental time. These data provide the first comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic time course for vertebrate brain development and suggest distinct neurogenic regulatory paradigms between different stages and tissues.

scholarly journals Transcription Factors of the bHLH Family Delineate Vertebrate Landmarks in the Nervous System of a Simple Chordate

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1262
Author(s):  
Lenny J. Negrón-Piñeiro ◽  
Yushi Wu ◽  
Anna Di Gregorio
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Molecular Fingerprints ◽  
Vertebrate Brain ◽  
Bhlh Genes ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Genes Encoding

Tunicates are marine invertebrates whose tadpole-like larvae feature a highly simplified version of the chordate body plan. Similar to their distant vertebrate relatives, tunicate larvae develop a regionalized central nervous system and form distinct neural structures, which include a rostral sensory vesicle, a motor ganglion, and a caudal nerve cord. The sensory vesicle contains a photoreceptive complex and a statocyst, and based on the comparable expression patterns of evolutionarily conserved marker genes, it is believed to include proto-hypothalamic and proto-retinal territories. The evolutionarily conserved molecular fingerprints of these landmarks of the vertebrate brain consist of genes encoding for different transcription factors, and of the gene batteries that they control, and include several members of the bHLH family. Here we review the complement of bHLH genes present in the streamlined genome of the tunicate Ciona robusta and their current classification, and summarize recent studies on proneural bHLH transcription factors and their expression territories. We discuss the possible roles of bHLH genes in establishing the molecular compartmentalization of the enticing nervous system of this unassuming chordate.

scholarly journals Regulation of downstream neuronal genes by proneural transcription factors during initial neurogenesis in the vertebrate brain

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Ware ◽  
Houda Hamdi-Rozé ◽  
Julien Le Friec ◽  
Véronique David ◽  
Valérie Dupé
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Vertebrate Brain ◽  
Neuronal Genes

scholarly journals Human-specific changes in two functional enhancers of FOXP2

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Benítez-Burraco ◽  
Raúl Torres-Ruiz ◽  
Pere Gelabert Xirinachs ◽  
Carles Lalueza-Fox ◽  
Sandra Rodríguez-Perales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Ancestral Allele ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolism ◽  
Development And Evolution ◽  
Human Specific

AbstractTwo functional enhancers of FOXP2, a gene important for language development and evolution, exhibit several human-specific changes compared to extinct hominins that are located within the binding site for different transcription factors. Specifically, Neanderthals and Denisovans bear the ancestral allele in one position within the binding site for SMARCC1, involved in brain development and vitamin D metabolism. This change might have resulted in a different pattern of FOXP2 expression in our species compared to extinct hominins.

Modularity in vertebrate brain development and evolution

BioEssays ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1100-1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Redies ◽  
Luis Puelles
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Vertebrate Brain ◽  
Development And Evolution

scholarly journals Murine Otx1 and Drosophila otd genes share conserved genetic functions required in invertebrate and vertebrate brain development

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (9) ◽  
pp. 1691-1702 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Acampora ◽  
V. Avantaggiato ◽  
F. Tuorto ◽  
P. Barone ◽  
H. Reichert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Brain Evolution ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Functional Conservation ◽  
Vertebrate Brain ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Mutant Phenotypes ◽  
Insight Into

Despite the obvious differences in anatomy between invertebrate and vertebrate brains, several genes involved in the development of both brain types belong to the same family and share similarities in expression patterns. Drosophila orthodenticle (otd) and murine Otx genes exemplify this, both in terms of expression patterns and mutant phenotypes. In contrast, sequence comparison of OTD and OTX gene products indicates that homology is restricted to the homeodomain suggesting that protein divergence outside the homeodomain might account for functional differences acquired during brain evolution. In order to gain insight into this possibility, we replaced the murine Otx1 gene with a Drosophila otd cDNA. Strikingly, epilepsy and corticogenesis defects due to the absence of Otx1 were fully rescued in homozygous otd mice. A partial rescue was also observed for the impairments of mesencephalon, eye and lachrymal gland. In contrast, defects of the inner ear were not improved suggesting a vertebrate Otx1-specific function involved in morphogenesis of this structure. Furthermore, otd, like Otx1, was able to cooperate genetically with Otx2 in brain patterning, although with reduced efficiency. These data favour an extended functional conservation between Drosophila otd and murine Otx1 genes and support the idea that conserved genetic functions required in mammalian brain development evolved in a primitive ancestor of both flies and mice.

scholarly journals Role of miRNA-9 in Brain Development

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. JEN.S32843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balachandar Radhakrishnan ◽  
A. Alwin Prem Anand
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Spatiotemporal Pattern ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Neuron Development ◽  
Neuronal Progenitor ◽  
Vertebrate Brain ◽  
Small Regulatory Rnas ◽  
Her Genes

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small regulatory RNAs involved in gene regulation. The regulation is effected by either translational inhibition or transcriptional silencing. In vertebrates, the importance of miRNA in development was discovered from mice and zebrafish dicer knockouts. The miRNA-9 (miR-9) is one of the most highly expressed miRNAs in the early and adult vertebrate brain. It has diverse functions within the developing vertebrate brain. In this article, the role of miR-9 in the developing forebrain (telencephalon and diencephalon), midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord of vertebrate species is highlighted. In the forebrain, miR-9 is necessary for the proper development of dorsoventral telencephalon by targeting marker genes expressed in the telencephalon. It regulates proliferation in telencephalon by regulating Foxg1, Pax6, Gsh2, and Meis2 genes. The feedback loop regulation between miR-9 and Nr2e1/Tlx helps in neuronal migration and differentiation. Targeting Foxp1 and Foxp2, and Map1b by miR-9 regulates the radial migration of neurons and axonal development. In the organizers, miR-9 is inversely regulated by hairy1 and Fgf8 to maintain zona limitans interthalamica and midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB). It maintains the MHB by inhibiting Fgf signaling genes and is involved in the neurogenesis of the midbrain-hindbrain by regulating Her genes. In the hindbrain, miR-9 modulates progenitor proliferation and differentiation by regulating Her genes and Elav3. In the spinal cord, miR-9 modulates the regulation of Foxp1 and Onecut1 for motor neuron development. In the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, miR-9 is necessary for proper neuronal progenitor maintenance, neurogenesis, and differentiation. In vertebrate brain development, miR-9 is involved in regulating several region-specific genes in a spatiotemporal pattern.

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