scholarly journals Presumed septic sacroiliitis in a puppy with unilateral hind limb lameness and sciatic nerve neuropathy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derniese Goh ◽  
Arthur House
Keyword(s):  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Septic Sacroiliitis

Egg Binding and Hind Limb Paralysis in An African Penguin – a Case Report

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monique Anamarie Crouch
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Physical Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Programme ◽  
Rehabilitation Therapy ◽  
African Penguin ◽  
Hind Limb Paralysis

This case report assesses the role acupuncture played in the rehabilitation therapy of an African penguin with bilateral hind limb paresis and paralysis following egg binding and a caesarean section. Egg binding is the failure of the oviduct to pass the egg down into the cloaca. In avian species the sciatic nerve runs through the middle of the kidney. Swelling of the kidney tissue due to the pressure exerted by the retained egg will cause pressure on the sciatic nerve which may lead to hind limb paresis/paralysis. Acupuncture was used to relieve any muscle, joint or nerve pain and to attempt to stimulate recovery of the sciatic nerve. Acupuncture was incorporated into a fairly intensive physical rehabilitation programme to help the penguin to walk again so that it could be re-introduced back into the sanctuary's captive colony.

scholarly journals Sciatic Nerve Injection Palsy in a Dog: Electrodiagnostic Testing and Microsurgical Treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Mortari ◽  
Juliany Gomes Quitzan ◽  
Claudia Valéria Seullner Brandão ◽  
Sheila Canevese Rahal
Keyword(s):  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Nerve Injury ◽  
Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Muscle Action ◽  
Electrophysiologic Testing ◽  
Compound Muscle Action Potentials ◽  
The Right

Background: Iatrogenic damage to the ischiatic nerve is considered uncommon and may cause dysfunction with variable clinical signs dependent on type and severity of injury. Due to important role of this nerve in locomotion and weightbearing limb, a poor prognosis for recovery may be observed in many cases. Electromyography analysis may suggest the neuroanatomic localization, diagnosis information, and severity of lesion to determine better therapeutic intervention. Therefore, the aim of this report is to describe the possible cause, diagnosis and treatment of a postinjection ischiatic nerve injury in a dog with complete recovery.Case: A 3-year-old neutered male dachshund dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital due to inability to weight support in the right hind limb after diminazene diaceturate intramuscular injection. The gait evaluation showed dropped-hock and knuckling into the digits of the right hind limb and neurologic examination revealed moderate muscle atrophy below tofemorotibial joint of the right hind limb with sensory analgesia (superficial and deep) on the lateral, dorsal, and plantar surfaces, absent patellar reflex, and proprioceptive deficit. Electrophysiologic testing was done under general anesthesia in a 2-channel Nicolet Compass Meridian apparatus. Absence of compound muscle action potentials after right fibular and tibial nerve stimulations, and abnormal spontaneous activity in cranial tibial, gastrocnemius and deep digital extensor muscles were observed. A diagnosis of moderate/severe axonotmesis of sciatic nerve was achieved. Under microscope magnification, all adherent adjacent tissue and epineural sheat were removed. Due this, a small epineural window was created. On neurological examination performed 30 days after surgery, complete recovery of sensitivity of the right hind limb, and normal proprioception were observed. The muscle atrophy was also noted to have improved.Discussion: The ischiatic nerve mechanisms of injury include direct needle trauma, the drug or vehicle used for injection, or secondary constriction by scar, factors that may be associated to damage nerve observed in the present case. During a sciatic nerve injection, the combination of intrafascicular placement of a needle and high-pressure injection may cause severe fascicular damage and persistent neurologic deficits. In the present case, damage to the nerve probably was not caused bythe injection needle, but due to injection agent. Chemical irritation or toxic reaction to the agent may cause different degrees of nerve injury. The electrophysiologic testing is an important tool for determining alteration of function and integrity of the axonal motor unit. In the present report, the electrophysiologic testing showed denervation potentials in the musclesinnervated by the sciatic nerve (positive waves and fibrillation potentials), and the absence of compound muscle action potentials was indicative of severe axonal damage of the right ischiatic nerve. In human patients with postinjection ischiatic nerve injury, early surgical treatment with neurolysis or resection and anastomosis are the procedures recommended. In the present report, external neurolysis and epineural window were used showing excellent functional results. The epineural window was performed due to adherence of tissue and scar surrounding the nerve, permitting neural decompression.Keywords: axonotmesis, neurophysiology, neurolysis, dogs.

Development of Targeted Muscle Reinnervation Model in Hind Limb Amputated Rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (07) ◽  
pp. 509-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohit Garg ◽  
Safak Uygur ◽  
Joanna Cwykiel ◽  
Maria Siemionow
Keyword(s):  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Femoral Nerve ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Limb Amputation ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Motor Branch ◽  
Targeted Muscle Reinnervation ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Muscle Reinnervation

Background Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) is a novel approach to postamputation neuroma pain; however, this has not been explicitly studied. The purpose of this study was to develop a TMR model in hind limb amputated rats. Methods Ten hind limbs from 5 Sprague Dawley cadaver rats were used. Sciatic nerve, main branches of the sciatic nerve (common peroneal, tibial, sural), motor branches from the sciatic nerve to the biceps femoris and cauda femoris, gluteal nerve and its motor branches to the semimembranosus, and biceps femoris and femoral nerve were dissected to look for consistent nerve anatomy that can be used for TMR in the rat hind limb amputation model. Transfemoral amputation was performed and two types of coaptations were made: common peroneal nerve to motor branch to biceps femoris and tibial nerve to motor branch to semimembranosus. Results The total surgical time for the dissection, amputation, and coaptation of nerves was ∼90 minutes. A total of 100 nerves were dissected in 10 rat hind limbs. Anatomical dissections were straightforward to perform. Anatomy of the dissected nerves was consistent. Hind limb amputations were performed without damaging the target muscles and nerves. Nerve lengths were sufficient for coaptation without any tension. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on TMR model in hind limb amputated rats. This model will allow for mechanical, electromyography (EMG), and histological analysis for future assessment of neuroma prevention.

scholarly journals Avaliação Funcional e de Trofismo Muscular Após Compressão Experimental do Isquiático e Tratamento com Mobilização Neural

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Vinícius Baretta ◽  
Oliver Christovão Pedroso ◽  
Daniele Pelissari ◽  
Giovanni Ribeiro Bernardino ◽  
Rose Meire Costa Brancalhão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Nerve Compression ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Musculoskeletal Manipulations ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Gait Dysfunction ◽  
The Right ◽  
Sciatic Functional Index

A compressão do nervo isquiático pode gerar a denominada ciatalgia, caracterizada por dor em membros inferiores, distúrbios sensoriais, disfunção da marcha, paresias, parestesias e deficiência de reflexo. Uma das formas de tratamento é a mobilização neural, contudo, esta técnica apresenta algumas lacunas com relação ao seu uso. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos da mobilização neural – MN sobre a função e trofismo muscular de ratos submetidos à compressão do nervo isquiático. Foram utilizados 30 ratos, separados em: Controle (C); Lesão (L); MN membro pélvico direito (MNPD); MN membro pélvico esquerdo (MNPE); MN no membro escapular direito (MNED). Todos os animais foram submetidos à lesão do nervo isquiático direito, utilizando pinça hemostática, o nervo foi comprimido durante 30 s. O tratamento por MN foi realizado de acordo com o grupo, no 3º, 5º, 7º, 10º, 12º e no 14º pós-operatórios (POs). Foi avaliado o Índice Funcional do Isquiático (IFC), área (μm2) e menor diâmetro (μm) dos tibiais anteriores. Para o IFC não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos, contudo, dentro dos grupos ocorreram diferenças indicando ligeiros e melhores resultados para MNPD. Em relação à área e menor diâmetro C apresentou valores mais elevados e MNPD foi maior do L, MNPE e MNED. Conclui-se que a MN, quando realizada no membro da compressão nervosa, promoveu efeitos benéficos, contudo, sem produzir restauração completa.Palavras-chave: Exercício. Manipulações Musculoesqueléticas. Histologia.AbstractThe sciatic nerve compression can lead to the so-called sciatica, characterized by pain in the lower limbs, sensory disturbance, gait dysfunction, paresis, paresthesia and reflection deficiency. One form of treatment is the neural mobilization; however, this technique has some gaps regarding its use. This study aimed to analyze the neural mobilization (NM) effects on the rats’ functional and muscular tropism with sciatic nerve compression. 30 rats were used, divided into: control (C); Lesion (L); right hind limb NM (RHNM); left hind limb NM (LHNM); scapular right limb NM (SRNM). All animals were subjected to the right sciatic nerve injury using hemostatic forceps, the nerve was compressed for 30 sec. Treatment with NM was performed according to the group, on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th, 12th and 14th post-surgery (PS). Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), area (μm2) and smaller diameter (μm) of the tibialis anterior were evaluated. For SFI significant differences were observed among the groups, however, within the groups there were no differences indicating faster and better results for RHNM. Concerning the area and smaller diameter, C showed higher values and RHNM was higher than L, LHNM and SRNM. It was concluded that the NM when performed on the nerve compression limb, promoted beneficial effects, however, without producing complete restoration.Keywords: Exercise. Musculoskeletal Manipulations. Histology.

scholarly journals Surgical Injury in the Neonatal Rat Alters the Adult Pattern of Descending Modulation from the Rostroventral Medulla

2015 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 1391-1400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suellen M. Walker ◽  
Maria Fitzgerald ◽  
Gareth J. Hathway
Keyword(s):  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Descending Inhibition ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Postnatal Maturation ◽  
Descending Modulation ◽  
Descending Control ◽  
Surgical Injury

Abstract Background: Neonatal pain and injury can alter long-term sensory thresholds. Descending rostroventral medulla (RVM) pathways can inhibit or facilitate spinal nociceptive processing in adulthood. As these pathways undergo significant postnatal maturation, the authors evaluated long-term effects of neonatal surgical injury on RVM descending modulation. Methods: Plantar hind paw or forepaw incisions were performed in anesthetized postnatal day (P)3 Sprague-Dawley rats. Controls received anesthesia only. Hind limb mechanical and thermal withdrawal thresholds were measured to 6 weeks of age (adult). Additional groups received pre- and post-incision sciatic nerve levobupivacaine or saline. Hind paw nociceptive reflex sensitivity was quantified in anesthetized adult rats using biceps femoris electromyography, and the effect of RVM electrical stimulation (5–200 μA) measured as percentage change from baseline. Results: In adult rats with previous neonatal incision (n = 9), all intensities of RVM stimulation decreased hind limb reflex sensitivity, in contrast to the typical bimodal pattern of facilitation and inhibition with increasing RVM stimulus intensity in controls (n = 5) (uninjured vs. neonatally incised, P < 0.001). Neonatal incision of the contralateral hind paw or forepaw also resulted in RVM inhibition of hind paw nociceptive reflexes at all stimulation intensities. Behavioral mechanical threshold (mean ± SEM, 28.1 ± 8 vs. 21.3 ± 1.2 g, P < 0.001) and thermal latency (7.1 ± 0.4 vs. 5.3 ± 0.3 s, P < 0.05) were increased in both hind paws after unilateral neonatal incision. Neonatal perioperative sciatic nerve blockade prevented injury-induced alterations in RVM descending control. Conclusions: Neonatal surgical injury alters the postnatal development of RVM descending control, resulting in a predominance of descending inhibition and generalized reduction in baseline reflex sensitivity. Prevention by local anesthetic blockade highlights the importance of neonatal perioperative analgesia.

The innervation of the hind limb of Eleutherodactylus martinicensis: further comparison of cell and fiber numbers during development

Development ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-412
Author(s):  
Arthur Hughes ◽  
Margaret Egar
Keyword(s):  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Ventral Horn ◽  
Spinal Ganglia ◽  
Early Juvenile ◽  
Unmyelinated Fibers ◽  
Myelinated And Unmyelinated Fibers ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Roots ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

In montages of electron micrographs of the sciatic nerve of Eleutherodactylus martinicensis, the numbers of fibers of all classes have been counted, from the 8·5 day embryo, through the early juvenile to the adult. These counts have been compared with the total numbers of cells in the lumbar ventral horn plus those in the lumbar spinal ganglia 8, 9 and 10. In the embryo, both sets of counts rise to a peak on the 13th day, and fall early in the 14th day. In the embryo, the cell count is 600–1000 more than the fiber count, while in the 6-day juvenile onwards, the fiber count is the greater. These differences are held to arise from the play of two independent factors, namely production of axons in the embryo by only a minority of cells in ganglia and ventral horns, and secondly, the extent to which axons branch between spinal roots and sciatic nerve at all stages. In the embryo, numbers of cells and fibers maintain a parallel course up and down the 13-day peak, indicating that many cells which are lost by degeneration had already sent axons into the nerve. Myelinated fibers first appear in the limb nerves at 8·5 days, when limb motility is first seen. The course of formation of the earliest myelin in the sciatic nerve resembles that of fibers in the central nervous system. In spinal roots there are both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers, the proportion of the latter in ventral roots being the greater.

Nerve Regeneration Enhancement by Tourniquet

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. WIDERBERG ◽  
G. LUNDBORG ◽  
L. B. DAHLIN
Keyword(s):  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Axonal Regeneration ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Lesion Effect ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Rat Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Sensory Axons ◽  
Invasive Method

The use of tourniquet compression as a non-invasive method to enhance axonal regeneration was assessed in the rat sciatic nerve. One hind limb of the rat was subjected to compression by a tourniquet set at 300 mmHg for 30 or 120 min followed by bilateral test crush lesions performed either directly or after a conditioning interval of 3 or 6 days, with the non-compressed side serving as a control. Axonal regeneration distances were evaluated after 3 days by the pinch reflex test. We found that compression caused an increased outgrowth length of sensory axons compared to the controls. The effect was most obvious after 120 min of compression with a conditioning interval of 6 days. Tourniquet compression has a conditioning lesion effect on peripheral nerve and may enhance nerve regeneration.

Effect of Dipsaci Radix on Hind Limb Muscle Atrophy of Sciatic Nerve Transected Rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (06) ◽  
pp. 1069-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyuk-Sang Jung ◽  
Chung-Ku Noh ◽  
Sun-Ho Ma ◽  
Eun Ki Hong ◽  
Nak-Won Sohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Type I ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Type Ii

It was reported that Dipsaci radix (DR) has a reinforcement effect on the bone-muscle dysfunction in the oriental medical classics and the experimental animal studies. The muscle atrophy was induced by unilateral transection of the sciatic nerve of the rats. Water-extract of DR was used as treatment once a day for 12 days. The muscle weights of the hind limb, atrophic changes, glycogen contents, compositions and cross-section areas of muscle fiber types in soleus and medial gastrocnemius were investigated. Muscle fiber type was classified to type-I and type-II with MHCf immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, Bax and Bcl-2 expressions were observed with immunohistochemiatry. DR treatment significantly increased muscle weights of soleus, medial gastrocnemius, lateral gastrocnemius, and posterior tibialis of the damaged hind limb. DR treatment reduced apoptotic muscle nuclei and hyaline-degenerated muscle fibers in soleus and medial gastrocnemius of the damaged hind limb. DR treatment also significantly increased glycogen contents in medial gastrocnemius of the damaged hind limb. DR treatment significantly attenuated the slow-to-fast shift in soleus of the damaged hind limb but not in medial gastrocnemius. DR treatment significantly increased cross-section areas of type-I and type-II fibers in soleus and medial gastrocnemius of the damaged hind limb. In soleus and medial gastrocnemius, DR treatment significantly reduced Bax positive muscle nuclei in the damaged hind limb. These results suggest that DR treatment has an anti-atrophic effect and an anti-apoptotic effect against myonuclear apoptosis induced by the peripheral nerve damage.

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