Study of a wireless multimodal sensing system integrated with an electrical conductivity sensor and a temperature sensor for the health control of cows

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masato Futagawa ◽  
Mitsuyoshi Ishida ◽  
Makoto Ishida ◽  
Kazuaki Sawada
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
Health Control ◽  
Sensing System ◽  
Multimodal Sensing ◽  
Conductivity Sensor

Measurement of Electrical Conductivity into Tomato Cultivation Beds using Small Insertion Type Electrical Conductivity Sensor Designed for Agriculture

2011 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuko Kawashima ◽  
Masato Futagawa ◽  
Yoshihiro Ban ◽  
Yoshiyuki Asano ◽  
Kazuaki Sawada
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Conductivity Sensor

scholarly journals A Low-Cost Water Depth and Electrical Conductivity Sensor for Detecting Inputs into Urban Stormwater Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3056
Author(s):  
Baiqian Shi ◽  
Stephen Catsamas ◽  
Peter Kolotelo ◽  
Miao Wang ◽  
Anna Lintern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Urban Stormwater ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Conductivity Sensor ◽  
Level Sensor

High-resolution data collection of the urban stormwater network is crucial for future asset management and illicit discharge detection, but often too expensive as sensors and ongoing frequent maintenance works are not affordable. We developed an integrated water depth, electrical conductivity (EC), and temperature sensor that is inexpensive (USD 25), low power, and easily implemented in urban drainage networks. Our low-cost sensor reliably measures the rate-of-change of water level without any re-calibration by comparing with industry-standard instruments such as HACH and HORIBA’s probes. To overcome the observed drift of level sensors, we developed an automated re-calibration approach, which significantly improved its accuracy. For applications like monitoring stormwater drains, such an approach will make higher-resolution sensing feasible from the budget control considerations, since the regular sensor re-calibration will no longer be required. For other applications like monitoring wetlands or wastewater networks, a manual re-calibration every two weeks is required to limit the sensor’s inaccuracies to ±10 mm. Apart from only being used as a calibrator for the level sensor, the conductivity sensor in this study adequately monitored EC between 0 and 10 mS/cm with a 17% relative uncertainty, which is sufficient for stormwater monitoring, especially for real-time detection of poor stormwater quality inputs. Overall, our proposed sensor can be rapidly and densely deployed in the urban drainage network for revolutionised high-density monitoring that cannot be achieved before with high-end loggers and sensors.

Inferring saline tracer transport characteristics from time-lapse GPR experiments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter-Lasse Giertzuch ◽  
Alexis Shakas ◽  
Bernard Brixel ◽  
Joseph Doetsch ◽  
Mohammadreza Jalali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Velocity Field ◽  
Nuclear Waste ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Nuclear Waste Repository ◽  
Tracer Transport ◽  
Tracer Injection ◽  
Flow And Transport ◽  
Conductivity Sensor

<p>Monitoring and characterization of flow and transport processes in the subsurface has been a key focus of hydrogeological research for several decades. Such processes can be relevant for numerous applications, such as hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoir characterization and monitoring, risk assessment of soil contaminants, or nuclear waste disposal strategies.</p><p>Monitoring of flow and transport processes in the subsurface is often challenging, as they are usually not directly observable. Here, we present an approach to monitor saline tracer migration through a weakly fractured crystalline rock mass by means of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), and we evaluate the data quantitatively in terms of a flow velocity field and localized difference GPR breakthrough curves (DRBTC).</p><p>Two comparable and repeated tracer injection experiments were performed within saturated rock on the decameter scale. Time-lapse single-hole reflection data were acquired from two different boreholes during these experiments using unshielded and omnidirectional borehole antennas. The individual surveys were analyzed by difference imaging techniques, which allowed ultimately for tracer breakthrough monitoring at different locations in the subsurface. By combining the two complimentary GPR data sets, the 3D tracer velocity field could be reconstructed.</p><p>Our DRBTCs agree well with measured BTCs of the saline tracer at different electrical conductivity monitoring positions. Additionally, we were able to calculate a DRBTC for a location not previously monitored with borehole sensors. The reconstructed velocity field is in good agreement with previous studies on dye tracer data at the same research locations. Furthermore, we were able to resolve separate flow paths towards different monitoring locations, which could not be inferred from the electrical conductivity sensor data alone. The GPR data thus helped to disentangle the complex flow field through the fractured rock.</p><p>Out technique can be adapted to other use cases such as 3D monitoring of fluid migration (and thus permeability enhancement) during hydraulic stimulation and tracing fluid contaminants – e.g. for nuclear waste repository monitoring.</p>

A PCB Technology Electrical Conductivity Sensor for the Measurement of Saltwater Contamination

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 001048-001069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Dean ◽  
Frank Werner ◽  
Mark Adams
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Saltwater Intrusion ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Conductivity Sensor ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Freshwater Aquifers ◽  
Sensor Probe

Saltwater intrusion is when sea water moves into freshwater aquifers and contaminates them. It can be a serious problem for coastal communities and inland ecosystems. A number of factors, both natural and manmade, contribute to this contamination. Natural factors include events such as storm surges from hurricanes that push seawater into inland freshwater bodies. However, manmade factors contribute far more to saltwater intrusion than natural factors. The biggest human factor is the overuse of freshwater aquifers in coastal areas. Saltwater has a higher density than freshwater, and hence a higher static pressure. So when a freshwater aquifer is partially drained by over usage, the higher pressure saltwater will percolate through the bedrock into the aquifer under the freshwater. Contamination of the freshwater body then occurs through dispersion and diffusion. Manmade canals and channels for shipping, drainage and irrigation can also provide a pathway for seawater to move into coastal bodies of freshwater. Oil and gas production and mining can also contribute to saltwater contamination of freshwater. Saltwater contamination can render freshwater aquifers non-potable, kill freshwater fish and other inhabitants, kill freshwater plants and deleteriously affect inland freshwater ecosystems in coastal areas. Dissolved salt ions in water are excellent charge carries, resulting in a large difference in the electrical conductivity between freshwater and saltwater. Therefore the measurement of the electrical conductivity of a water sample can be used to gauge the level of possible saltwater contamination. Commercial printed circuit board (PCB) technology affords the realization of a low-cost sensor probe for measuring the electrical conductivity of aqueous samples. This sensor makes use of the materials and processes inherent in commercial PCB manufacturing, including the FR4 substrate, patterned Cu cladding and soldermask. The non-conductive E-glass FR4 substrate is used as the rigid backbone of the sensor probe. The patterned Cu cladding is used for electrodes and signal traces. The polymeric soldermask is used as a thin insulating and moisture barrier layer. With these materials, the sensor consists of two planar exposed metal pads on the surface that are used to measure electrical conductivity. Additionally, the PCB probe is directly compatible with the integration of any desired integrated electronic components and/or other sensors. Furthermore, the turnaround time for a new PCB sensor design can be as little as 24 hours at modest cost, making this technology economically superior to traditional sensor technologies, such as silicon based MEMS, where it can take months to realize a new design and be very expensive. A prototype PCB electrical conductivity sensor probe has been designed, fabricated and evaluated with mixtures of freshwater and seawater, demonstrating its usefulness.

A ±0.15% RH Inaccuracy Humidity Sensing System With ±0.44 °C (3σ) Inaccuracy On-Chip Temperature Sensor

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 2115-2123
Author(s):  
Jaehoon Jun ◽  
Sangmin Shin ◽  
Minsung Kim ◽  
Yongjoon Ahn ◽  
Suhwan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
Humidity Sensing ◽  
Chip Temperature ◽  
Sensing System ◽  
On Chip

Laboratory Study on the Relationships Between Suspended Sediment Concentration and Electrical Conductivity

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Dai ◽  
Hongxian Shan ◽  
Yonggang Jia ◽  
Xiangmei Meng ◽  
Honglei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentration ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Influencing Factor ◽  
Yellow River Delta ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Conductivity Sensor ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
High Turbidity

In order to find a simple, continuous method to determine the suspended sediment concentration in a high turbidity region, experiments were conducted to look for relationships between suspended sediment concentration and electrical conductivity. Sediments were sampled from the Yellow River Delta and a conductivity sensor was used to measure the electrical conductivity of different sediment content seawater. The influencing factors such as temperature and salinity are also investigated. The results show that good linear relationships exist between suspended sediment concentration and electrical conductivity; salinity and temperature have some influence on electrical conductivity, and salinity is the most important influencing factor and temperature takes the second place. Basically, the general linear regression formulas between suspended sediment concentration and electrical conductivity can be drawn with variable salinity and temperature. The relationships suggest that it is feasible to measure suspended sediment concentration in situ using electrical conductivity sensors.

Sewage flow control using an inflow controller with an electrical conductivity sensor in the outfall

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 135-141
Author(s):  
B.S. Lim ◽  
M.H. Han ◽  
H.K. Park ◽  
W.H. Nam
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Flow Control ◽  
Conductivity Sensor

Design of an Intelligent Electrical Conductivity Sensor for Aquaculture

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1044-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaoguang Wei ◽  
Qisheng Ding ◽  
Daoliang Li ◽  
Haijiang Tai ◽  
Jianqin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Conductivity Sensor
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