Power sources for portable electronics and hybrid cars: lithium batteries and fuel cells

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 286-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Scrosati
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Lithium Batteries ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Portable Electronics

scholarly journals Boosting the Power-Generation Performance of Micro-Sized Al-H2O2 Fuel Cells by Using Silver Nanowires as the Cathode

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Zhang ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Tianyu Liu ◽  
Honglong Chang
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Silver Nanowires ◽  
Cathode Side ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Electrochemical Tests ◽  
Tafel Polarization ◽  
Portable Electronics ◽  
Ag Nanowires

Micro-sized fuel cells represent one of the pollution-free devices available to power portable electronics. However, the insufficient power output limits the possibility of micro-sized fuel cells competing with other power sources, including supercapacitors and lithium batteries. In this study, a novel aluminum-hydrogen peroxide fuel cell is fabricated using uniform silver nanowires with diameters of 0.25 µm as the catalyst at the cathode side. The Ag nanowire solution is prepared via a polyol method, and mixed uniformly with Nafion and ethanol to enhance the adhesion of Ag nanowires. We carry out electrochemical tests, including cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Tafel polarization, to characterize the performance of this catalyst in H2O2 reduction. The Ag nanowires exhibit a high effectiveness and durability while catalyzing the reduction of H2O2 with a low impedance. The micro-sized Al-H2O2 fuel cell equipped with Ag nanowires delivers a power density of 43 W·m−2 under a low concentration of H2O2 (0.1 M), which is substantially higher than the previously reported devices.

scholarly journals Direct-Hydrocarbon Proton-Conducting Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4736
Author(s):  
Fan Liu ◽  
Chuancheng Duan
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells ◽  
Solid Oxide ◽  
Sulfur Poisoning ◽  
Oxide Fuel ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Proton Conducting ◽  
Conducting Oxides ◽  
Operating Temperatures ◽  
Ion Conducting

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising and rugged solid-state power sources that can directly and electrochemically convert the chemical energy into electric power. Direct-hydrocarbon SOFCs eliminate the external reformers; thus, the system is significantly simplified and the capital cost is reduced. SOFCs comprise the cathode, electrolyte, and anode, of which the anode is of paramount importance as its catalytic activity and chemical stability are key to direct-hydrocarbon SOFCs. The conventional SOFC anode is composed of a Ni-based metallic phase that conducts electrons, and an oxygen-ion conducting oxide, such as yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), which exhibits an ionic conductivity of 10−3–10−2 S cm−1 at 700 °C. Although YSZ-based SOFCs are being commercialized, YSZ-Ni anodes are still suffering from carbon deposition (coking) and sulfur poisoning, ensuing performance degradation. Furthermore, the high operating temperatures (>700 °C) also pose challenges to the system compatibility, leading to poor long-term durability. To reduce operating temperatures of SOFCs, intermediate-temperature proton-conducting SOFCs (P-SOFCs) are being developed as alternatives, which give rise to superior power densities, coking and sulfur tolerance, and durability. Due to these advances, there are growing efforts to implement proton-conducting oxides to improve durability of direct-hydrocarbon SOFCs. However, so far, there is no review article that focuses on direct-hydrocarbon P-SOFCs. This concise review aims to first introduce the fundamentals of direct-hydrocarbon P-SOFCs and unique surface properties of proton-conducting oxides, then summarize the most up-to-date achievements as well as current challenges of P-SOFCs. Finally, strategies to overcome those challenges are suggested to advance the development of direct-hydrocarbon SOFCs.

Ground Tests of Hybrid Electric Power System for UAVs

2013 ◽  
Vol 448-453 ◽  
pp. 2326-2334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Ping Li ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Xiao Hui Zhang ◽  
Shang Tao Shi ◽  
Chang Wei Guo
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Lithium Batteries ◽  
Test System ◽  
Electric Power System ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Hybrid Power System ◽  
Hybrid Power ◽  
Power Management Unit ◽  
The Mathematical Model

As the aviation has realized the seriousness of pollution and emission issues, people have taken efforts to use renewable energy on planes or UAVs. This paper focused on the applications of solar and hydrogen energy to UAVs. A hybrid power system, consisting of solar cells, fuel cells and lithium batteries, was discussed. To achieve the hybridization of power sources, a prototype of a power management unit (PMU) was fabricated. After the installation of a test system for synthesizing power sources, PMU and load, a series of ground tests were executed to verify the mathematical model of lithium battery and the reliability of the hardware. Ground data confirmed the feasibility of hybrid power system.

Graphene's Correlation of Electrical and Magnetic Properties Manages the Modification and Increasing the Energy of Li Batteries

2021 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-258
Author(s):  
Serhii Dubinevych ◽  
Viacheslav Zinin ◽  
Volodymyr Redko ◽  
Boris A Blyuss ◽  
Elena Shembel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Lithium Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Electrical And Magnetic Properties ◽  
Nobel Prize In Physics ◽  
Li Batteries

Importance of lithium power sources is confirmed by the fact that on October 10, 2019, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019 was awarded for the development of lithium-ion batteries. 10 years earlier, in 2010,physicists Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "For groundbreaking experiments regarding the two dimensional material graphene". A synergistic effect of theory and practicality in the area of lithium batteries, and the theory and practicality in the field of graphene materials creates the unique possibility generate the innovative high-energy Li batteries based on the graphene materials.

Market Opportunity Analysis in Thailand: Case of Individual Power Sources by Thermoelectric-Generator Technology for Portable Electronics

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (03) ◽  
pp. 1950027
Author(s):  
Surapree Maolikul ◽  
Thira Chavarnakul ◽  
Somchai Kiatgamolchai
Keyword(s):  
Thermoelectric Generator ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Technology Commercialization ◽  
Market Opportunity ◽  
Business Research ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Portable Electronics ◽  
Decision Factors ◽  
Insight Into

Thermoelectrics, an energy-conversion technology, has been developed for its potential to support portable electronics with an innovative power source. Primarily focusing on the metropolitan market in Thailand, the study, thus, aimed at the market insight into portable electronics users’ characteristics and opinions of thermoelectric-generator (TEG) technology commercialization. The business research was conducted to analyze their behaviors for power-supply lacking problems, encountering heat or cold sources, purchasing decision for a TEG-based charger and key decision factors. For practical applications, an innovative TEG-based charger should be more flexible by harnessing various heat or cold sources from ambient situations to generate electrical power.

scholarly journals A Short Review of Lithium-ion Battery Technology

2020 ◽  
pp. 500-507
Author(s):  
Imran Hussain Sardar ◽  
Souren Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Lithium Batteries ◽  
Lithium Battery ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Consumer Electronics ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
High Specific Energy ◽  
Battery Technology

Lithium batteries are characterized by high specific energy, high efficiency and long life. These unique properties have made lithium batteries the power sources of choice for the consumer electronics market with a production of the order of billions of units per year. These batteries are also expected to find a prominent role as ideal electrochemical storage systems in renewable energy plants, as well as power systems for sustainable vehicles, such as hybrid and electric vehicles. However, scaling up the lithium battery technology for these applications is still problematic since issues such as safety, costs, wide operational temperature and materials availability, are still to be resolved. This review focuses first on the present status of lithium battery technology, then on its near future development and finally it examines important new directions aimed at achieving quantum jumps in energy and power content.

Modeling of Coupled Mechanical and Chemical Degradation of the Ionomer Membrane in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol MA2018-01 (32) ◽  
pp. 1992-1992
Author(s):  
Mohamed El Hannach ◽  
Ka Hung Wong ◽  
Yadvinder Singh ◽  
Narinder Singh Khattra ◽  
Erik Kjeang
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Mechanical Degradation ◽  
Oh Radicals ◽  
List Type ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel Cell ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Power Sources

The hydrogen fuel cell is a promising technology that supports the development of sustainable energy systems and zero emission vehicles. One of the key technical challenges for the use of fuel cells in the transportation sector is the high durability requirements 1–3. One of the key components that control the overall life time of a hydrogen fuel cell is the ionomer membrane that conducts the protons and allows the separation between the anode and the cathode. During fuel cell operation, the membrane is subjected to two categories of degradation: mechanical and chemical. These degradations lead to reduction in the performance, crossover of reactants between anode and cathode and ultimately total failure of the fuel cell. The mechanical degradation occurs when the membrane swells and shrinks under the variation of the local hydration level. This leads to fatigue of the ionomer structure and ultimately irreversible damage. However, under pure mechanical degradation the damage takes a very long time to occur 4,5. Sadeghi et al. 5 observed failure of the membrane after 20,000 of accelerated mechanical stress testing. This translates into a longer lifetime in comparison to what is observed in field operation 6. The chemical degradation on the other hand is caused by the presence of harmful chemicals such as OH radicals that attack the side chains and the main chains of the ionomer 7,8. Such attacks weaken the structural integrity of the membrane and make it prone to severe mechanical damage. Hence understanding the effect of combining both categories of membrane degradation is the key to accurate prediction of the time to failure of the fuel cell. In this work we propose a novel model that represents accurately the structural properties of the membrane and couples the chemical and the mechanical degradations to estimate when the ultimate failure is initiated. The model is based on a network of agglomerated fibrils corresponding to the basic building block of the membrane structure 9–11. The mechanical and chemical properties are defined for each fibril and probability functions are used to evaluate the likelihood of a fibril to break under certain operating conditions. The description of the fundamentals behind the approach will be presented. Two set of simulations will be presented and discussed. The first one corresponding to standard testing scenarios that were used to validate the model. The second set of results will highlight the impact of coupling both degradation mechanisms on the estimation of the failure initiation time. The main strengths of the model and the future development will be discussed as well. T. Sinigaglia, F. Lewiski, M. E. Santos Martins, and J. C. Mairesse Siluk, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 42, 24597–24611 (2017). T. Jahnke et al., J. Power Sources, 304, 207–233 (2016). P. Ahmadi and E. Kjeang, Int. J. Energy Res., 714–727 (2016). X. Huang et al., J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys., 44, 2346–2357 (2006). A. Sadeghi Alavijeh et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, F1461–F1469 (2015). N. Macauley et al., J. Power Sources, 336, 240–250 (2016). K. H. Wong and E. Kjeang, J. Electrochem. Soc., 161, F823–F832 (2014). K. H. Wong and E. Kjeang, ChemSusChem, 8, 1072–1082 (2015). P.-É. A. Melchy and M. H. Eikerling, J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 27, 325103–6 (2015). J. A. Elliott et al., Soft Matter, 7, 6820 (2011). L. Rubatat, G. Gebel, and O. Diat, Macromolecules, 37, 7772–7783 (2004).

Further Development and Preliminary Testing of the α-Prototype of an Ultra-Micro Gas Turbine for Portable Power Generation

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Capata ◽  
E. Sciubba
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Fem Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Preliminary Testing ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
Portable Power ◽  
Portable Electronics ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Physical Construction

The ever increasing development of portable electronics leads to a higher demand for compact and reliable power sources. Significant resources are being presently dedicated to the study of micro machined turbines, because of their remarkable power density that suggests that the generation of about 100–300 W with a total device weight of few hundreds grams and a fuel mass flow rate of few grams per second may be feasible in the short range. In this paper a possible configuration of such a nano-GT set is considered, which was defined on the basis of previous thermo-fluid dynamic analysis: the results of a preliminary design study, including some cold-run tests, are reported in this paper. The layout of the device was finalized on the basis of both a CFD and a FEM analysis that identified the “optimal” blade shape, shaft size and rotors arrangements under the point of view of the energy efficiency and of thermo-mechanical material stresses, Some of the problems deriving by the physical construction and preliminary testing of the prototype are analyzed and discussed.

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