Impacts of powdery mildew on wheat grain sugar metabolism and starch accumulation in developing grains

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 947-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyun Gao ◽  
Jishan Niu ◽  
Xiwen Yang ◽  
Dexian He ◽  
Chenyang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Developing Grains

Diffusion of Water in the Wheat Grain: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Radioisotopic Methods Provide Complementary Information

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
CF Jenner ◽  
GP Jones
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Complementary Information ◽  
Average Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Average Diffusion ◽  
Polymeric Component ◽  
Developing Grains

Diffusion of water within developing grains of wheat has been evaluated by two independent methods: by kinetic analysis of the movement of tritiated water (THO) through the grain, and by n.m.r. procedures. Both methods provided different but complementary information. Movement of THO basipetally through grains attached to the ear was faster than diffusion could explain, and a reversal of the gradient of THO at the base of the grain also could not be accounted for by diffusion. These observations are adduced as evidence for recirculation of water within the grain. The average diffusion coefficient measured by both methods indicated that the diffusive motion of water was substantially hindered. Freezing and thawing resulted in an increase in diffusion but did not increase diffusion to values expected of free water. Starch, the major polymeric component of the grain, was not responsible for the residual reduction in diffusion coefficient in frozen and thawed tissue.

Proteomic analysis of the impacts of powdery mildew on wheat grain

2018 ◽  
Vol 261 ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Li ◽  
Xinhao Liu ◽  
Xiwen Yang ◽  
Yongchun Li ◽  
Chenyang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Wheat Grain

scholarly journals The endosperm-specific transcription factor TaNAC019 regulates glutenin and starch accumulation and its elite allele improves wheat grain quality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujiao Gao ◽  
Kexin An ◽  
Weiwei Guo ◽  
Yongming Chen ◽  
Ruijie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Seed Storage Proteins ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Processing Quality ◽  
Starch Metabolism ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Elite Allele

Abstract In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), breeding efforts have focused intensively on improving grain yield and quality. For quality, the content and composition of seed storage proteins (SSPs) determine the elasticity of wheat dough and flour processing quality. Moreover, starch levels in seeds are associated with yield. However, little is known about the mechanisms that coordinate SSP and starch accumulation in wheat. In this study, we explored the role of the endosperm-specific NAC transcription factor TaNAC019 in coordinating SSP and starch accumulation. TaNAC019 binds to the promoters of TaGlu-1 loci, encoding high molecular weight glutenin (HMW-GS), and of starch metabolism genes. Triple knock-out mutants of all three TaNAC019 homoeologs exhibited reduced transcript levels for all SSP types and genes involved in starch metabolism, leading to lower gluten and starch contents, and in flour processing quality parameters. TaNAC019 directly activated the expression of HMW-GS genes by binding to a specific motif in their promoters and interacting with the TaGlu-1 regulator TaGAMyb. TaNAC019 also indirectly regulated the expression of TaSPA, an ortholog of maize Opaque2 that activates SSP accumulation. Therefore, TaNAC019 regulation of starch- and SSP-related genes has key roles in wheat grain quality. Finally, we identified an elite allele (TaNAC019-BI) associated with flour processing quality, providing a candidate gene for breeding wheat with improved quality.

Effect of Powdery Mildew on Antioxidant Enzymes of Wheat Grain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyun Gao ◽  
Jishan Niu ◽  
Wanyong Zhao ◽  
Dale Zhang ◽  
Suoping Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Wheat Grain

scholarly journals Small RNA and Degradome Analyses Uncovering the Extensive Effects of miRNAs and Targets in Early Developing Grains of Common Wheat

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiaoyan Chen ◽  
Lina Xu ◽  
Yuanyuan Guan ◽  
Zeeshan Ali Buttar ◽  
Gan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Wheat ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Small Regulatory Rnas ◽  
Developing Grains

Abstract Background: The development of grains is important for wheat production, and wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the staple food crops worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as a kind of small regulatory RNAs, play important roles during plant growth and development. Although the development of plant grain/seed is widely researched, there is limited knowledge on miRNAs’s regulation of early developing wheat grains. Results: In the present study, miRNAs and their targets were explored in early developing grains of wheat cultivar “Bainong 4199” at 7DAP and 14 DAP using high-throughput small RNA and degradome sequencing. A total of 105 known and 79 novel miRNAs were identified, including 46 known and 32 novel miRNAs from 7 DAP library and 87 known and 78 novel miRNAs from 14 DAP library, respectively. Expression analysis of miRNAs revealed that 39 miRNAs including 19 known and 20 novel miRNAs were differentially expressed between 7 DAP and 14 DAP. In total, 266 targets for 40 known wheat miRNAs, 152 targets for 13 other known plant miRNAs and 258 targets for 25 novel miRNAs were predicted across small RNA and degradome analyses. For differentially expressed miRNAs, 23 targets were predicted to be cleaved by 7 miRNAs, including 3 known and 4 novel miRNAs. Majority of the miRNAs potentially regulated multiple targets, whereas some miRNAs only acted on a single target gene. Functional analyses showed that miRNAs and their targets widely participated in the regulations of early wheat grain development and metabolism. The expression patterns of the randomly selected miRNAs and targets were validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and showed consistent and reliable results. Conclusion: This study suggests that quite a few known and novel miRNAs and their targets play extensive roles during the early grain development of common wheat. Understanding of miRNA-mediated regulatory network involved in wheat grain development will help us to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying wheat grain development and carry out ingenious molecular improvements in wheat breeding.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Profiling of Acute Cold Stress-Induced Disease Resistance (SIDR) Genes and Pathways in the Grapevine Powdery Mildew Pathosystem

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-295
Author(s):  
William A. Weldon ◽  
Cal D. Palumbo ◽  
Alisson P. Kovaleski ◽  
Kiersten Tancos ◽  
David M. Gadoury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Dynein Light Chain ◽  
Grapevine Powdery Mildew ◽  
Induced Disease Resistance ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Host Metabolism

Temperatures from 2 to 8°C transiently induce quantitative resistance to powdery mildew in several host species (cold stress-induced disease resistance [SIDR]). Although cold SIDR events occur in vineyards worldwide an average of 14 to 21 times after budbreak of grapevine and can significantly delay grapevine powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) epidemics, its molecular basis was poorly understood. We characterized the biology underlying the Vitis vinifera cold SIDR phenotype—which peaks at 24 h post–cold (hpc) treatment and results in a 22 to 28% reduction in spore penetration success—through highly replicated (n = 8 to 10) RNA sequencing experiments. This phenotype was accompanied by a sweeping transcriptional downregulation of photosynthesis-associated pathways whereas starch and sugar metabolism pathways remained largely unaffected, suggesting a transient imbalance in host metabolism and a suboptimal target for pathogen establishment. Twenty-six cold-responsive genes peaked in their differential expression at the 24-hpc time point. Finally, a subset of genes associated with nutrient and amino acid transport accounted for four of the eight most downregulated transcripts, including two nodulin 1A gene precursors, a nodulin MtN21 precursor, and a Dynein light chain 1 motor protein precursor. Reduced transport could exacerbate localized nutrient sinks that would again be transiently suboptimal for pathogen growth. This study links the transient cold SIDR phenotype to underlying transcriptional changes and provides an experimental framework and library of candidate genes to further explore cold SIDR in several systems, with an ultimate goal of identifying novel breeding or management targets for reduced disease.

The effect and molecular mechanism of powdery mildew on wheat grain prolamins

2013 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Y. GAO ◽  
D. X. HE ◽  
J. S. NIU ◽  
C. Y. WANG ◽  
X. W. YANG
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Peptidylprolyl Isomerase

SUMMARYA field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. Tritici, Bgt) on wheat grain at varying levels of disease severity and at different growth stages. Methods used to determine these effects included Kjeldahl determination, unidimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, dielectrophoresis combined with mass spectrometric analysis. The specific influences explored were those on prolamins and protein composition at the molecular level. Concentrations of both grain protein and prolamin in wheat increased as disease indices (DIs) of powdery mildew rose from 20 days after anthesis (DAA) to maturity. Globulin concentrations changed dynamically and significantly, especially at 25 DAA when DI was the highest. This was verified by proteomic analysis which showed globulins (such as globulin 3, globulin 3B, globulin 3C, gliadin/avenin-like protein and triticin) being up-regulated significantly under powdery mildew stress. It was proposed that powdery mildew might indirectly affect protein accumulation in grain by influencing the regulative enzymes (including peptidylprolyl isomerase, cyclophilin A-2 and GTPase ObgE) and metabolic processes. It was speculated that the indirect increase caused by yield reduction was not the only factor causing the increase in prolamin concentration. Another factor may be the rise of expression level of molecular chaperones and enzymes relating to protein synthesis, which led to the rise in protein synthesis.

Effects of grain position on the panicle on starch biosynthetic enzyme activity in developing grains of rice cultivar Tainung 67 and its NaN3-induced mutant

2003 ◽  
Vol 141 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 303-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. JENG ◽  
C. S. WANG ◽  
C. L. CHEN ◽  
J. M. SUNG
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Starch Biosynthesis ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Starch Conversion ◽  
Developing Grains ◽  
Induced Mutant

The content of starch and the activities of enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis were examined in developing grains of field grown rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants. Enzyme activities were monitored throughout the grain filling period of cultivar Tainung 67 and its NaN3-induced mutant SA419. The activities of most of the grain enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis increased and reached their maxima during the initial period of grain development, then gradually declined towards the later stages of grain filling. Both Tainung 67 and SA419 showed different starch and amylose accumulation patterns in different grain positions. In cultivar Tainung 67, reduced activities of grain enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis, particularly during the early phase of grain filling, were related to the decreased starch accumulation for the grains located on proximal secondary branches as compared with the grains located on distal primary branches. The decreased amylose contents in the grains of Tainung 67 located on proximal secondary branches were attributable to their lower granule bound starch synthase and starch debranching enzyme activities at early and mid phases of grain filling. In mutant SA419, no significant changes were observed in the activities of grain enzymes involved in sucrose to starch conversion between the grains located on distal primary and proximal secondary branches of the panicle. As a result, grain setting position was found to have little effect on the contents of starch and amylose for these developing grains located on different branches. Thus, the mutant SA419 did have some agronomic and physiological traits that were superior to its wild type cultivar Tainung 67.

Microscopy studies of powdery mildew on summer squash

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 520-521
Author(s):  
John S. Gardner ◽  
W. M. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Tip Growth ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Vegetative Hypha ◽  
Powdery Mildews ◽  
Summer Squash ◽  
Conidial Formation ◽  
Polar Tip Growth ◽  
Short Conidiophore

Powdery mildews are characterized by the appearance of spots or patches of a white to grayish, powdery, mildewy growth on plant tissues, entire leaves or other organs. Ervsiphe cichoracearum, the powdery mildew of cucurbits is among the most serious parasites, and the most common. The conidia are formed similar to the process described for Ervsiphe graminis by Cole and Samson. Theconidial chains mature basipetally from a short, conidiophore mother-cell at the base of the fertile hypha which arises holoblastically from the conidiophore. During early development it probably elongates by polar-tip growth like a vegetative hypha. A septum forms just above the conidiophore apex. Additional septa develop in acropetal succession. However, the conidia of E. cichoracearum are more doliform than condia from E. graminis. The purpose of these investigations was to use scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to demonstrate the nature of hyphal growth and conidial formation of E. cichoracearum on field-grown squash leaves.

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