scholarly journals Comparison of Nonmetallic Inclusion Characteristics in Metal Samples Using 2D and 3D Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 1900669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Wang ◽  
Andrey Karasev ◽  
Pär G. Jönsson
Keyword(s):  
Nonmetallic Inclusion ◽  
3D Methods ◽  
2D And 3D

Comparison of Porosity Evaluation Methods Using the Example of Dissimilar Metal Joints

2019 ◽  
Vol 822 ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Dmitry Kurushkin ◽  
Igor Mushnikov ◽  
Evgenii Rylkov ◽  
Fedor Y. Isupov ◽  
Oleg Panchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Coated Steel ◽  
Dissimilar Metal ◽  
Relative Porosity ◽  
Zinc Coated Steel ◽  
3D Methods ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
Measured Volume

Welded metal porosity significantly influences the mechanical properties of dissimilar metal joints. In this study, the comparison of porosity evaluation methods was held using the sample of welded-brazed zinc coated steel and Al-Mg-alloy plates joint. Relative porosity was measured through cross-sections’ images area analysis, as well as it was evaluated through 3D-fitting of spotted on these images pores. Area and size of pores was measured, volume and distribution were evaluated. It was found that relative porosity values estimated by 2D and 3D methods are equal.

scholarly journals A comparison between 2D and 3D methods of quantifying facial morphology

Heliyon ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. e01880
Author(s):  
IY Anas ◽  
BO Bamgbose ◽  
Saleh Nuhu
Keyword(s):  
Facial Morphology ◽  
3D Methods ◽  
2D And 3D

scholarly journals Comparing Two Different Automatic Methods to Measure Femoral Neck-Shaft Angle Based on PointNet++ Network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Li ◽  
Jiayu Yang ◽  
Xinghua Li ◽  
Kunzheng Wang ◽  
Jungang Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Femoral Shaft ◽  
Femoral Neck Axis ◽  
Neck Shaft Angle ◽  
3D Space ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Shaft Angle ◽  
Automatic Methods ◽  
3D Methods ◽  
2D And 3D

Abstract Bacnground: Accurate measurement of the femoral neck-shaft angle (NSA) is of great significance for diagnosing hip joint diseases and preoperative planning of total hip arthroplasty. However, the fitting lines of the femoral neck and femoral shaft did not always intersect in 3D space. Thus, it is unclear whether there is a difference between 2D and 3D methods for measuring NSA. Methods: The femoral point cloud datasets from 310 subjects were segmented into three regions, including the femoral head, femoral neck, and femoral shaft using PointNet++. We created a projection plane to simulate the hip anteroposterior radiograph and fitted the femoral neck axis and femoral shaft axis to complete the 2D measurement, while we directly fitted the two axes in space to complete the 3D measurement. Also, we conducted the manual measurement of the NSA. We verified the accuracy of the segmentation and compared the results of the two automatic and manual methods. Results: The Dice coefficient of femoral segmentation reached 0.9746, and MIoU of that was 0.9165. No significant difference was found between any two of the three methods. While comparing the 2D and 3D methods, the average accuracy was 98.00%, and the average error was 2.58°. Conclusion: This paper proposed two accurate and automatic methods to measure the NSA based on a 2D plane and a 3D model respectively. Although the femoral neck and femoral shaft axes did not intersect in 3D space, the NSAs obtained by 2D and 3D methods were basically consistent.

Multi-method 2D and 3D reconstruction of gold grains morphology in alluvial deposits: a review and application to the Rivière du Moulin (Québec, Canada)

2021 ◽  
pp. SP516-2020-186
Author(s):  
François-Xavier Masson ◽  
Georges Beaudoin ◽  
Denis Laurendeau
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Shape Descriptors ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
Alluvial Deposits ◽  
Image Analysis Software ◽  
Fluvial Transport ◽  
The Difference ◽  
3D Methods ◽  
2D And 3D

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to document and compare the 2D qualitative and semi-quantitative methods currently used to describe the shape of gold grains in fluvial environment to 3D quantitative methods using microtomography and SEM photogrammetry. These 3D methods are used to compute flatness, roundness, convexity, sphericity, and ellipticity shape descriptors of 13 gold grains from the Rivière du Moulin (Québec, Canada) in order to quantify the morphological change along 9 km of fluvial transport. Gold grains have moderate to high values of flatness, compactness, sphericity, and ellipticity indices that do not change significantly with distance of transport, whereas the roundness increases during transport. Gold grains are used to compare 2D and 3D methods and the results show small differences (< 8%) when shape descriptors are computed using image analysis software, whereas the difference (up to 70%) is more important for 2D measurements performed by a human operator. For application and characterization on a large set of gold grains, the 2D methods offer the advantage of speed, whereas, for a more detailed study on a limited number of gold grains, 3D methods enable estimation of the volume and yield more detailed shape descriptors changes during fluvial transport.

scholarly journals Testing accuracy in 2D and 3D geometric morphometric methods for cut mark identification and classification

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd A. Courtenay ◽  
Miguel Ángel Maté-González ◽  
Julia Aramendi ◽  
José Yravedra ◽  
Diego González-Aguilera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Cut Marks ◽  
Morphometric Methods ◽  
Testing Accuracy ◽  
Technological Improvements ◽  
3D Methods ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
First Time

The analysis of bone surface modifications (BSMs) is a prominent part of paleoanthropological studies, namely taphonomic research. Behavioral interpretations of the fossil record hinge strongly upon correct assessment of BSMs. With the significant impact of microscopic analysis to the study of BSMs, multiple authors have discussed the reliability of these technological improvements for gaining resolution in BSM discrimination. While a certain optimism is present, some important questions are ignored and others overemphasized without appropriate empirical support. This specifically affects the study of cut marks. A diversity of geometric morphometric approaches applied to the study of cut marks have resulted in the coexistence (and competition) of different 2D and 3D methods. The present work builds upon the foundation of experiments presented by Maté-González et al. (2015), Courtenay et al. (2017) and Otárola-Castillo et al. (2018) to contrast for the first time 2D and 3D methods in their resolution of cut mark interpretation and classification. The results presented here show that both approaches are equally valid and that the use of sophisticated 3D methods do not contribute to an improvement in accuracy.

scholarly journals Adipose Tissue Fibrosis: Mechanisms, Models, and Importance

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6030
Author(s):  
Megan K. DeBari ◽  
Rosalyn D. Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Tissue Fibrosis ◽  
Targeted Treatments ◽  
Adipocyte Volume ◽  
Fibrotic Diseases ◽  
3D Methods ◽  
2D And 3D

Increases in adipocyte volume and tissue mass due to obesity can result in inflammation, further dysregulation in adipose tissue function, and eventually adipose tissue fibrosis. Like other fibrotic diseases, adipose tissue fibrosis is the accumulation and increased production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Adipose tissue fibrosis has been linked to decreased insulin sensitivity, poor bariatric surgery outcomes, and difficulty in weight loss. With the rising rates of obesity, it is important to create accurate models for adipose tissue fibrosis to gain mechanistic insights and develop targeted treatments. This article discusses recent research in modeling adipose tissue fibrosis using in vivo and in vitro (2D and 3D) methods with considerations for biomaterial selections. Additionally, this article outlines the importance of adipose tissue in treating other fibrotic diseases and methods used to detect and characterize adipose tissue fibrosis.

scholarly journals Comparison of Two- and Three-Dimensional Methods for Analysis of Trunk Kinematic Variables in the Golf Swing

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimée C. Smith ◽  
Jonathan R. Roberts ◽  
Eric S. Wallace ◽  
Pui Kong ◽  
Stephanie E. Forrester
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Golf Swing ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Trunk Flexion ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
3D Methods ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
Factor Difference

Two-dimensional methods have been used to compute trunk kinematic variables (flexion/extension, lateral bend, axial rotation) and X-factor (difference in axial rotation between trunk and pelvis) during the golf swing. Recent X-factor studies advocated three-dimensional (3D) analysis due to the errors associated with two-dimensional (2D) methods, but this has not been investigated for all trunk kinematic variables. The purpose of this study was to compare trunk kinematic variables and X-factor calculated by 2D and 3D methods to examine how different approaches influenced their profiles during the swing. Trunk kinematic variables and X-factor were calculated for golfers from vectors projected onto the global laboratory planes and from 3D segment angles. Trunk kinematic variable profiles were similar in shape; however, there were statistically significant differences in trunk flexion (–6.5 ± 3.6°) at top of backswing and trunk right-side lateral bend (8.7 ± 2.9°) at impact. Differences between 2D and 3D X-factor (approximately 16°) could largely be explained by projection errors introduced to the 2D analysis through flexion and lateral bend of the trunk and pelvis segments. The results support the need to use a 3D method for kinematic data calculation to accurately analyze the golf swing.

Prediction methods for soft tissue structures in forensic facial reconstruction: A review for reconstruction of nose, eyes, mouth and ears

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhavana Murjani ◽  
Sonali Kadam ◽  
Easwaran Ramaswami ◽  
Vijayalaxmi Nimma ◽  
Rohini Bhosale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Facial Reconstruction ◽  
Facial Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
The Face ◽  
Tissue Structures ◽  
Important Position ◽  
3D Methods ◽  
2D And 3D

Facial reconstruction is an art and science in the field of forensics which involves construction of a recognizable face on unknown skull remains. It appears as a, metaphorically speaking “shining beacon of hope” after everything else fails for identification of the remains. Both, 2D and 3D methods of facial reconstruction have been developed for this process. The database of facial soft tissue thickness based on gender, ethnicity and age, at certain bilateral and unilateral anatomical points on skull bones, lay foundation to the process of reanimating the facial profile of a deceased. Several imaging modalities have been used for the collection of this data, in addition to the cadavers and various guidelines have been given for the reconstruction of the soft tissues, however, to construct soft tissue structures like nose, eyes, mouth and ears which take an important position in determination of the facial features is still a tedious task. This process is being researched since a century and multiple guidelines for reconstruction of the soft tissue structures are available. The face plays out based on the method used; hence selection of an appropriate method is vital. This review encompasses the various methods/guidelines derived for the reconstruction of the nose, eyes, mouth and ears of the face. In addition to the traditional methods given by Gerasimov, Krogman, Prokopec and Ubelaker, George, etc. other newer methods have been mentioned. This review also highlights assessment studies performed using the said methods in populations other than the ones they were derived from.

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