The Effect of Nozzle Diameter, Lance Height and Flow Rate on Penetration Depth in a Top-blown Water Model

2006 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Nordquist ◽  
Nitesh Kumbhat ◽  
Lage Jonsson ◽  
Pär Jönsson
Keyword(s):  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Nozzle Diameter ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Lance Height

scholarly journals Development of Rotational Intraperitoneal Pressurized Aerosol Chemotherapy to Enhance Drug Delivery into the Peritoneum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo Jin Park ◽  
Eun Ji Lee ◽  
Hee Su Lee ◽  
Junsik Kim ◽  
Sunwoo Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Palliative Therapy ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Properties ◽  
Blue Solution ◽  
Restricted Use

Abstract Background Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) has been introduced as palliative therapy for treating peritoneal metastasis (PM) of solid tumors. However, restricted use in the limited countries and the uneven distribution and penetration in various regions of the peritoneal cavity ac as disadvantages of PIPAC. Thus, the KOrean Rotational Intraperitoneal pressurized Aerosol chemotherapy (KORIA) trial group developed rotational intraperitoneal pressurized aerosol chemotherapy (RIPAC) for enhancing drug delivery into the peritoneum to treat PM, and evaluated the drug distribution, tissue concentrations, penetration depth, pharmacokinetic properties, and toxicities after RIPAC with doxorubicin in pigs. Methods For delivering doxorubicin as aerosols, we used our prototype for PIPAC, which sprayed about 30-µm sized droplets through the nozzle. The mean diameter of the sprayed region was 18.5 cm, and the penetration depth ranged from 360 to 520 µm, comparable to the microinjection pump (Capnopen®; Capnomed, Villingendorf, Germany). For RIPAC, a conical pendulum motion device was added to PIPAC for rotating the nozzle. RIPAC and PIPAC were conducted using 150 ml of 1% methylene blue to evaluate drug distribution and 3.5 mg of doxorubicin in 50 ml of 0.9% NaCl to evaluate tissue concentration and penetration depth, pharmacokinetic properties, and toxicities. All agents were sprayed as aerosols via the nozzle with a velocity of 5 km/h at a flow rate of 30 ml/min under a pressure of 7 bars, and capnoperitoneum of 12 mmHg was maintained for 30 minutes. As a control, we conducted early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC) using 1% methylene blue solution with an infusion flow rate of 100 ml/min for 30 minutes and the drainage of 1 L every 10 minutes. Results RIPAC showed a wider distribution and stronger intensity than EPIC and PIPAC. Moreover, the tissue concentration and penetration depth of doxorubicin were higher in RIPAC than in PIPAC. In RIPAC, the pharmacokinetic properties reflected hemodynamic changes during capnoperitoneum, and there were no renal and hepatic toxicities related to RIPAC using doxorubicin. Conclusions RIPAC may have the potential to enhance drug delivery into the peritoneum compared to PIPAC.

scholarly journals Numerical Modeling and Dynamic Analysis of a Wave-Powered Reverse-Osmosis System

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Yi-Hsiang Yu ◽  
Dale Jenne
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Wave Energy ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Hydrodynamic Performance ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
Water Production

A wave energy converter (WEC) system has the potential to convert the wave energy resource directly into the high-pressure flow that is needed by the desalination system to pump saltwater to the reverse-osmosis membrane and provide the required pressure level to generate freshwater. In this study, a wave-to-water numerical model was developed to investigate the potential use of a wave-powered desalination system (WPDS) for water production. The model was developed by coupling a time-domain radiation-and-diffraction method-based numerical tool (WEC-Sim) for predicting the hydrodynamic performance of WECs with a solution-diffusion model that was used to simulate the reverse-osmosis (RO) process. The objective of this research is to evaluate the WPDS dynamics and the overall efficiency of the system. To evaluate the feasibility of the WPDS, the wave-to-water numerical model was applied to simulate a desalination system that used an oscillating surge WEC device to pump seawater through the system. The hydrodynamics WEC-Sim simulation results for the oscillating surge WEC device were validated against existing experimental data. The RO simulation was verified by comparing the results to those from the Dow Chemical Company’s reverse osmosis system analysis (ROSA) model, which has been widely used to design and simulate RO systems. The wave-to-water model was then used to analyze the WPDS under a range of wave conditions and for a two-WECs-coupled RO system to evaluate the influence of pressure and flow rate fluctuation on the WPDS performance. The results show that the instantaneous energy fluctuation from waves has a significant influence on the responding hydraulic pressure and flow rate, as well as the recovery ratio and, ultimately, the water-production quality. Nevertheless, it is possible to reduce the hydraulic fluctuation for different sea states while maintaining a certain level of freshwater production, and a WEC array that produces water can be a viable, near-term solution to the nation’s water supply. A discussion on the dynamic impact of hydraulic fluctuation on the WPDS performance and potential options to reduce the fluctuation and their trade-offs is also presented.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study on Tar Decomposition of Low-Pressure Ejection Type Burner

2015 ◽  
Vol 1092-1093 ◽  
pp. 200-206
Author(s):  
De Fan Qing ◽  
Mao Kui Zhu ◽  
Yang Cheng Luo ◽  
Ya Long Zhang ◽  
Ai Rui Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Orthogonal Test ◽  
Nozzle Diameter ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Tar Cracking

The tar decomposition of low-pressure ejection type burner was researched. The burner used software to simulate and analyse impact of the nozzle diameter d, the gas flow rate V and the distance of the nozzle to the wall L on tar cracking. The orthogonal test were used for design parameters d, V and L, the optimization values of these three parameters were carried out, and experimental method was used for test the numerical simulation results. Numerical simulation and experimental results showed that the greatest impact on tar cracking is the nozzle diameter d, the minor effect is the distance of the nozzle to the wall L and the weakest effect is the gas flow rate V, and when the nozzle diameter d=4 mm, the distance L=18 mm and the gas flow rate V=0.10 m3/h, the tar cracking is the most efficiency.

Theoretical Description of a New Method of Optimal Program Design

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (04) ◽  
pp. 425-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Miska ◽  
Pal Skalle
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Program Design ◽  
Impact Force ◽  
Nozzle Diameter ◽  
General Description ◽  
Rate Of Penetration ◽  
Jet Impact ◽  
Jet Velocity

Abstract Drilling hydraulics have considerable effect on the rate of penetration. Previous studies have examined this problem; however, the effects of differential pressure and reliability of pumping equipment usually were neglected. This paper gives a general description of hydraulic drilling parameters optimized when both these effects were considered. To derive the necessary conditions for optimal hydraulics a nonlinear programming method was applied. Introduction In the rotary drilling process the rock must be fractured at the bottom of the hole. To allow further fracturing and drilling progress, the cuttings must be removed from the bottom efficiently and transported toward the surface. For these purposes, both mechanical and hydraulic energy are brought from the surface to the rock face and should be applied in optimal manner. Previous work in drilling hydraulics has established that this has considerable influence on the rate of penetration as well as on other indicators of drilling efficiency. For that reason, this topic has been a subject of several investigations, both theoretical and experimental. Optimal hydraulics is the proper balance of hydraulic elements that satisfy some criterion of estimation (the objective function). For given drilling fluid properties, these parameters are flow rate (q) and equivalent jet bit nozzle diameter (de). Hydraulic quantities commonly used to characterize jet bit performance include hydraulic horsepower, jet impact force, jet velocity, and Reynolds number at the bit nozzles. However, all these hydraulic quantities are determined when the flow rate and equivalent nozzle diameter have been established. Briefly, the methods of optimal hydraulics program design can be divided in two groups:methods which depend on determining the bottomhole cleaning required, usually bit hydraulic horsepower, to balance the mechanical energy level, andmethods which assume maximization of an arbitrarily established criterion of estimation. Methods in Group 1 have limited application during drilling program design since the required level of hydraulic horsepower, for given mechanical parameters (weight-on-bit and rotary speed combinations) in a particular formation interval, require field tests and thus they cannot be applied before drilling. This method is indicated in Fig. 1. Fullerton has balanced the mechanic and hydraulic energy by means of the "constant drilling energy" concept, valid for some formation types. The various criteria to be maximized in Group 2 are hydraulic horsepower, jet impact force, jet velocity, and Reynolds number. The basic work on this topic was published by Kendall and Goins. Methods for selecting proper nozzle sizes and flow rams are given for each criterion of estimation except the Reynolds number. The latter criterion is discussed by other authors, but they discussed optimal flow rates and equivalent nozzle diameter only for the constant pump pressure range. It was shown that using maximum Reynolds number at the bit nozzles as an objective function for optimal hydraulic program design gives the same result as for maximum jet impact force. SPEJ P. 425^

scholarly journals Physical Simulation of Molten Steel Homogenization and Slag Entrapment in Argon Blown Ladle

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang ◽  
Jin ◽  
Zhu ◽  
Dong ◽  
Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Molten Steel ◽  
Physical Simulation ◽  
Mixing Time ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Steel Ladle ◽  
Argon Flow Rate ◽  
Argon Flow ◽  
Slag Thickness ◽  
Slag Entrapment

Argon stirring is one of the most widely used metallurgical methods in the secondary refining process as it is economical and easy, and also an important refining method in clean steel production. Aiming at the issue of poor homogeneity of composition and temperature of a bottom argon blowing ladle molten steel in a Chinese steel mill, a 1:5 water model for 110 t ladle was established, and the mixing time and interface slag entrainment under the different conditions of injection modes, flow rates and top slag thicknesses were investigated. The flow dynamics of argon plume in steel ladle was also discussed. The results show that, as the bottom blowing argon flow rate increases, the mixing time of ladle decreases; the depth of slag entrapment increases with the argon flow rate and slag thickness; the area of slag eyes decreases with the decrease of the argon flow rate and increase of slag thickness. The optimum argon flow rate is between 36–42 m3/h, and the double porous plugs injection mode should be adopted at this time.

scholarly journals The Need of Slanted Side Holes for Venous Cannulae

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joong Yull Park
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Shear Rate ◽  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Analysis Study ◽  
Side Hole ◽  
Good Flow

Well-designed cannulae must allow good flow rate and minimize nonphysiologic load. Venous cannulae generally have side holes to prevent the rupture of blood vessel during perfusion. Optimizing side hole angle will yield more efficient and safe venous cannulae. A numerical modeling was used to study the effect of the angle (0°–45°) and number (0–12) of side holes on the performance of cannulae. By only slanting the side holes, it increases the flow rate up to 6% (in our models). In addition, it was found that increasing the number of side holes reduces the shear rate up to 12% (in our models). A new parameter called “penetration depth” was introduced to describe the interfering effect of stream jets from side holes, and the result showed that the 45°-slanted side holes caused minimum interfering for the flow in cannula. Our quantitative hemodynamic analysis study provides important guidelines for venous cannulae design.

Study on Amplitude of the Surface of Liquid Steel in Bottom-Blowing Ladle with Immersed Tube

2013 ◽  
Vol 734-737 ◽  
pp. 1511-1515
Author(s):  
De Hui Zhang ◽  
Ming Gang Shen ◽  
Qing Hua Qi ◽  
Jin Wei Kuang
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Molten Steel ◽  
Liquid Steel ◽  
Similarity Theory ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Argon Flow Rate ◽  
Steel Making ◽  
Argon Flow ◽  
Bottom Blowing

In the process of bottom argon blowing large argon flow rate can cause vigorous fluctuations on the surface of the molten steel and splash and reoxidize the molten steel, making the slag rolled into the steel slag, also causing the erosion of the ladle lining refractories. A 1:7 ratio ladle water model system of 150 ton ladle was established from the similarity theory in the lab. Study and analyze the effects of the inserting depth and diameter of immersed tube and bottom blowing flow rate on the fluctuation of the surface of liquid steel. Results show that the fluctuations on the surface of steel can be limited effectively by changing the diameter and inserted depth of immersed tube when selecting a larger flow rate of bottom blowing, which improve the mixing effect of liquid steel.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Critical Gas Flow Rate for the Entrapment of Slag Using a Water Model.

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manabu Iguchi ◽  
Yutaka Sumida ◽  
Ryusuke Okada ◽  
Zen-ichiro Morita
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Gas Flow Rate

scholarly journals Influence of Submerged Entry Nozzle Port Blockage on the Meniscus Fluctuation Considering Various Operational Parameters

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manish Kumar ◽  
Praveen Mishra ◽  
Apurba Kumar Roy
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Wave Amplitude ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Submerged Entry Nozzle ◽  
Casting Process ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
The Right

The continuous casting process (CCP) is the most vital part of steelmaking. The flow pattern near the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) and mould greatly influence the quality of the slab produced. The present investigation was carried out to gain knowledge regarding the meniscus fluctuation under different nozzle port blockage conditions by water model experiments. The experiments were carried out to study the effect of no blockage, 25% blockage, 50% blockage, and 75% blockage of the nozzle port on mould-level fluctuations. The result shows that when the liquid flow rate increases, the wave amplitude increases. In these experiments, the average and maximum meniscus fluctuations were measured while changing different variables such as the water flow rate, gas flow rate, and one-side percentage blockage of the SEN port while the other side was fully open. The observation shows that when the port size decreases, the fluid steel mixed from the obstructing side to the open side results in asymmetry. The average and maximum wave amplitude increases with decreasing submergence depth. It was observed that the maximum height of the standing waves in the mould continued rising on the non-blocked side of the SEN. Blockage increases from 25% to 75%, and with 75% blockage of the right side of the SEN port, the mould-level fluctuation at the left side of the mould was extreme, while that of the right side was relatively quiet.

scholarly journals Water distribuition characteristics and soil loss of LEPA Quad-Spray emitter nozzles

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moises S. Ribeiro ◽  
Luiz A. Lima ◽  
Alberto Colombo ◽  
Ana C. D. M. Caldeira ◽  
Fabio H. de S. Faria
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Nozzle Diameter ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Pattern Width

The objective of this study was to characterize water application rate, water application pattern width, flow rate, water distribution uniformity and soil loss caused by nozzles of the Low Energy Precision Aplication (LEPA) type Quad-Spray emitter. The study was carried out at the Hydraulic and Irrigation Laboratory of the Department of Engineering at the Federal University of Lavras, in Lavras, state of Minas Gerais - MG, Brazil. Twenty-two (22) LEPA Quad-Spray emitter nozzles were evaluated, with nozzle diameter ranging from 1.59 to 9.92 mm. The experimental design used was entirely randomized, with three replications.Increasing values of nozzle flow rate ranging from 77.44 up to 3,044 L h-1, were obtained with increasing nozzle diameter sizes. Application pattern width ranged from 0.56 up to 3.24m, according to nozzles diameter size. Low values of CDU (maximum of 35.73%) were observed when using the Quad-Spray nozzles. Observed average water application rates covered the range between 68.05 mm h-1 (the lowest value that was obtained with the 2.38mm nozzle) and 258.15 mm h-1 (the highest value that was observed with the 9.92 mm). Average water application rates increased in a simple non-linear function with the increase of nozzle size diameter. However, the weighted average increase in the amount of soil loss by erosion was not related to the increase of weighted average water application values.

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