scholarly journals Are network effects really all about size? The role of structure and conduct

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Afuah
Keyword(s):  
Network Effects

scholarly journals Global dynamics of international migration systems across South–South, North–North, and North–South flows, 1990–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego F. Leal ◽  
Nicolas L. Harder
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Global Dynamics ◽  
Core Set ◽  
Migration Dynamics ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Systems

AbstractEvidence from 184 countries over the span of 25 years is gathered and analyzed to understand North–North, South–South, and North–South international migration flows. Conceptually, the analysis borrows from network theory and Migration Systems Theory (MST) to develop a model to characterize the structure and evolution of international migration flows. Methodologically, the Stochastic Actor-oriented Model of network dynamics is used to jointly model the three types of flows under analysis. Results show that endogenous network effects at the monadic, dyadic, and triadic levels of analysis are relevant to understand the emergence and evolution of migration flows. The findings also show that a core set of non-network covariates, suggested by MST as key drivers of migration flows, does not always explain migration dynamics in the systems under analysis in a consistent fashion; thus, suggesting the existence of important levels of heterogeneity inherent to these three types of flows. Finally, evidence related to the role of political instability and countries’ care deficits is also discussed as part of the analysis. Overall, the results highlight the importance of analyzing flows across the globe beyond typically studied migratory corridors (e.g., North–South flows) or regions (e.g., Europe).

scholarly journals Network Effects on the Robustness of Dynamic Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-149
Author(s):  
Ketan Savla ◽  
Jeff S. Shamma ◽  
Munther A. Dahleh
Keyword(s):  
Network Flow ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Cascading Failure ◽  
Economic Networks ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Linear Dynamics ◽  
Physical Constraints ◽  
Small Gain ◽  
Network Properties

We review selected results related to the robustness of networked systems in finite and asymptotically large size regimes in static and dynamical settings. In the static setting, within the framework of flow over finite networks, we discuss the effect of physical constraints on robustness to loss in link capacities. In the dynamical setting, we review several settings in which small-gain-type analysis provides tight robustness guarantees for linear dynamics over finite networks toward worst-case and stochastic disturbances. We discuss network flow dynamic settings where nonlinear techniques facilitate understanding the effect, on robustness, of constraints on capacity and information, substituting information with control action, and cascading failure. We also contrast cascading failure with a representative contagion model. For asymptotically large networks, we discuss the role of network properties in connecting microscopic shocks to emergent macroscopic fluctuations under linear dynamics as well as for economic networks at equilibrium. Through this review, we aim to achieve two objectives: to highlight selected settings in which the role of the interconnectivity structure of a network in its robustness is well understood, and to highlight a few additional settings in which existing system-theoretic tools give tight robustness guarantees and that are also appropriate avenues for future network-theoretic investigations.

Multiple Firing Patterns in Deep Dorsal Horn Neurons of the Spinal Cord: Computational Analysis of Mechanisms and Functional Implications

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 1978-1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yann Le Franc ◽  
Gwendal Le Masson
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dorsal Horn ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Neuronal Response ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Firing Patterns ◽  
Dorsal Horn Neurons ◽  
The Impact

Deep dorsal horn relay neurons (dDHNs) of the spinal cord are known to exhibit multiple firing patterns under the control of local metabotropic neuromodulation: tonic firing, plateau potential, and spontaneous oscillations. This work investigates the role of interactions between voltage-gated channels and the occurrence of different firing patterns and then correlates these two phenomena with their functional role in sensory information processing. We designed a conductance-based model using the NEURON software package, which successfully reproduced the classical features of plateau in dDHNs, including a wind-up of the neuronal response after repetitive stimulation. This modeling approach allowed us to systematically test the impact of conductance interactions on the firing patterns. We found that the expression of multiple firing patterns can be reproduced by changes in the balance between two currents (L-type calcium and potassium inward rectifier conductances). By investigating a possible generalization of the firing state switch, we found that the switch can also occur by varying the balance of any hyperpolarizing and depolarizing conductances. This result extends the control of the firing switch to neuromodulators or to network effects such as synaptic inhibition. We observed that the switch between the different firing patterns occurs as a continuous function in the model, revealing a particular intermediate state called the accelerating mode. To characterize the functional effect of a firing switch on information transfer, we used correlation analysis between a model of peripheral nociceptive afference and the dDHN model. The simulation results indicate that the accelerating mode was the optimal firing state for information transfer.

scholarly journals The Role of Artificial Intelligence and Data Network Effects for Creating User Value

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Wayne Gregory ◽  
Ola Henfridsson ◽  
Evgeny Kaganer ◽  
Harris Kyriakou
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Data Network ◽  
User Value

scholarly journals On the role of consumer expectations in markets with network effects

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Suleymanova ◽  
Christian Wey
Keyword(s):  
Network Effects ◽  
Consumer Expectations

Promoting Regional Economic Growth in Greece by Investing in Public Infrastructure

10.1068/c9761 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonis Rovolis ◽  
Nigel Spence
Keyword(s):  
Network Effects ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Public Capital ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
The Impact

The role of public infrastructure capital in the development process, either at national or at regional levels, was a relatively neglected area of research until recently. The innovatory work of Aschauer, and the ensuing debate between himself, Munnell, and Holtz-Eakin regarding the role of infrastructure in the development process in the USA, has spawned much interest in the issue. The authors aim to assess the impact of public capital on Greek manufacturing industries, especially focused at the regional scale. Capital stocks were estimated for the private and public sectors and Cobb—Douglas production functions were used in the analytical framework. The results suggest that the role of private capital in economic development in recent times has been marginal, as private investment has declined, whereas the role of labour and public capital has been both positive and significant. The authors segregate public capital into ‘productive’ and ‘social’ infrastructure; they argue that when productive infrastructure makes a positive contribution to production output, the impact of social infrastructure is insignificant and/or negative in most cases. The network effects of infrastructure are also estimated.

scholarly journals Using Experiments to Illustrate the Role of Network Externalities in Technology Adoption and Industry Evolution

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Parker Wheatley
Keyword(s):  
Technology Adoption ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Network Externalities ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Industry Evolution ◽  
Government Action ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Welfare Implications ◽  
Lock In

Abstract This experiment helps students to understand the importance of network externalities in technology adoption and the evolution of industries. Students observe the roles of lock-in and critical mass in technology adoption, understand how pricing affects adoption, and see welfare implications of network externalities. Given examples of network effects in firm and government action (e.g., the advanced television systems committee, antitrust litigation for the credit/debit card industry, and private strategy in newer DVD technologies (HD DVD vs. Blue-Ray)), this experiment fits courses that wish to illustrate these ideas and provides a starting point for a more detailed study of network externalities

Information and Knowledge Perspectives in Systems Engineering and Management for Innovation and Productivity Through Enterprise Resource Planning

2011 ◽  
pp. 338-368
Author(s):  
Stephen V. Stephenson ◽  
Andrew P Sage
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Systems Engineering ◽  
Enterprise Resource Planning ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Systems Management ◽  
Knowledge Resource ◽  
Path Dependencies ◽  
Enterprise Transformation

This article provides an overview of perspectives associated with information and knowledge resource management in systems engineering and systems management in accomplishing enterprise resource planning for enhanced innovation and productivity. Accordingly, we discuss economic concepts involving information and knowledge, and the important role of network effects and path dependencies in influencing enterprise transformation through enterprise resource planning.

The Unity of Freedom

2021 ◽  
pp. 237-246
Author(s):  
Kieron O’Hara
Keyword(s):  
Network Effects ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
Over Time

The final chapter summarizes the ideas of Four Internets. The Internet needs to remain connected, while its governance should allow different ideologies to flourish simultaneously, without imposing their view on the rest. Governance should pursue common interests while respecting cultural diversity. The prominent role of the United States remains an issue, although it has historically been a good steward of the infrastructure, and probably better than any alternative, including the multilateral structures promoted by nations like China and Russia. Governance is currently multistakeholder and ad hoc, but informal, emergent arrangements are probably better and more flexible than something neater and designed. Innovation and network effects need to be fostered, but policymakers will, on occasion, have to intervene against (perceived) negative externalities. New Internets will emerge over time; a COVID-19 Internet is imagined and described, for example. New technologies, such as quantum computing, will create new stresses, requiring a constant focus on resilience.

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