Reflections on the 1962 Paper “The Statistician in Medicine” by Sir Austin Bradford Hill

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-34
Author(s):  
Xihong Lin
Keyword(s):  
Bradford Hill

The calcium scare—what would Austin Bradford Hill have thought?

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 3073-3077 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. C. Nordin ◽  
J. R. Lewis ◽  
R. M. Daly ◽  
J. Horowitz ◽  
A. Metcalfe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bradford Hill

Ibuprofen and risk of hypoglycemia in diabetic and non-diabetic consumers: analysis of international pharmacovigilance data

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Mulugeta Russom ◽  
Filipos Yohannes ◽  
Abel Tekle ◽  
Ruth Ghirmay
Keyword(s):  
Individual Case ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Bradford Hill ◽  
Bradford Hill Criteria ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hill Criteria ◽  
Time To Onset ◽  
Totality Of Evidence

Introduction: Ibuprofen was associated with hypoglycemia in a single published case report in a diabetic patient. Ibuprofen, however, has never been associated so far with hypoglycemia in previously healthy non-diabetic individuals and thus, it is not listed as adverse effect in its summary of product characteristics approved by major regulatory authorities. Objective: This study was conducted to assess the causal relationship between ibuprofen and hypoglycemia in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. Materials and Methods: Analysis of the literature and the WHO global database of individual case safety reports, VigiBase, was made to explore evidence on the association of ibuprofen and hypoglycemia. The unpublished data and the currently availablepublished toxicological, biological, clinical and epidemiological evidence, if any, was systematically organized using Austin Bradford Hill criteria, causality assessment framework, to assess the causal link between ibuprofen and hypoglycemia. Results: In VigiBase, there were 125 cases of hypoglycemia associated with ibuprofen, reported from 19 countries. About 50% had history of diabetes. Ibuprofen was reported as sole suspect in 36.8% of the cases and the only drug administered in18.4%. Hypoglycemia resolved following discontinuation of ibuprofen in 21.6% and recurred in three patients with rechallenge. Outcome was fatal in 10.5%. Where ibuprofen was solely administered, median time-to-onset of hypoglycemia was one-day following administration of the drug. In an experimental study, a significant decrease in blood glucose level was observed at a higher dose of ibuprofen compared to a low-dose. Conclusion: Currently available totality of evidence reflects a possible causal association between ibuprofen and hypoglycemia that need to be substantiated with further studies.

Reviewing the role of human papillomavirus in oral cancer using the Bradford Hill criteria of causation

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 155-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Thirumal Raj ◽  
Shankargouda Patil ◽  
Archana A. Gupta ◽  
Chandini Rajkumar ◽  
Kamran H. Awan
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Bradford Hill ◽  
Bradford Hill Criteria ◽  
Hill Criteria

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Take-Home Naloxone Programs in Athletic Training: An Evidence-to-Practice Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Michael J. Palm ◽  
Amanda N. Flanscha ◽  
Zachary K Winkelmann
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Management ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Opioid Crisis ◽  
Bradford Hill ◽  
Bradford Hill Criteria ◽  
Hill Criteria ◽  
Practice Review ◽  
The Impact

The number of opioid overdoses (ODs) has risen in recent years and has become more complex due to the co-involvement of both prescription and illicit opioid drug use. Provisional programs for take-home naloxone (a medication designed to rapidly reverse opiate OD symptoms) kits have been distributed to combat this potentially fatal epidemic. Although there is strong evidence to support the efficacy of naloxone in the reversal of opiate OD, there is limited evidence to support the efficacy of take-home naloxone (THN) kits. The purpose of this evidence-to-practice review was to summarize a systematic review on the efficacy of THN programs. The authors aimed to include studies of THN programs that both trained opioid users in OD prevention and reported on OD outcomes. The Bradford Hill criteria (strength of association, temporality, consistency, specificity, dose-response relationship, biological plausibility, coherence, experimental evidence, and analogy) and five additional criteria (measure cost-effectiveness, absence of negative consequences, feasibility of implementation/expansion/ coverage, unanticipated benefits, and special populations) was used as dependent variables to determine the impact of public health intervention where randomized control trials (RCTs) are not ethically feasible or operationally practical. All 22 studies included provided empirical support using the Bradford Hill Criteria for community based THN programs. Despite being unable to deduce whether death would have occurred without the administration of THN, the studies combined accounted for an estimated 2316 successful opioid OD reversals. Thus, there is a strong association between THN administration and overdose survival. Additionally, there was a low rate of adverse events: withdrawal symptoms (2.8%), vomiting (2.2%), agitation (2.1%), seizures (0.1%). Consequently, we recommend that athletic trainers include opioid crisis management equipment and procedures in a site-specific policies manual. Clinical relevance is highly dependent on patient population and geographic location, considering 90% of reversed ODs were heroin induced. Application to individuals in organized sport is minimal, but nonetheless, individuals who are prescribed opioids for pain management should be candidates for THN programs. Athletic trainers and guardians of minors prescribed opioid medications should be educated on dispensing medication, best practices for opioid crisis management, and distribution of naloxone/THN.

From Robert Koch to Bradford Hill

2011 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis E. Margo
Keyword(s):  
Bradford Hill

Let’s discuss the Criteria of Bradford Hill (1965)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-57
Author(s):  
Hans-Volkhart Ulmer
Keyword(s):  
Bradford Hill

This letter to Editors discusses the Criteria of Bradford Hill (1965).

BRADFORD HILL ON CAUSALITY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-593
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Biological Plausibility ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
Bradford Hill ◽  
Effect Hypothesis ◽  
Strength Of Association ◽  
Control Study

When Bradford Hill's famous case-control study of the association between smoking and lung cancer was criticized, he listed the inferences used to establish causality, Strength of association Consistency Specificity Relationship in time Biological gradient Biological plausibility Coherence of evidence Experiment Analogy and said, "None of these nine viewpoints can bring indisputable evidence for or against a cause and effect hypothesis and, equally, none can be required as a sine qua non. What they can do, with greaten or less strength, is to help answer the fundamental question—is there any other way of explaining the set of facts before us, is there any other answer equally, or more, likely than cause and effect?

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