Risk ratio and rate ratio estimation in case-cohort designs: Hypertension and cardiovascular mortality

1993 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 1733-1745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evert G. Schouten ◽  
Jacqueline M. Dekker ◽  
Frans J. Kok ◽  
Saskia Le Cessie ◽  
Hans C. Van Houwelingen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Ratio Estimation

scholarly journals Risk ratio and rate ratio estimation in case-cohort designs: Hypertension and cardiovascular mortality

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 1609-1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Schouten ◽  
J. M. Dekker ◽  
F. J. Kok ◽  
S. Lecessie ◽  
H. C. Van Houwelingen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Ratio Estimation

Hyperprolactinemia and the Association with All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Mortality

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (06) ◽  
pp. 411-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesper Krogh ◽  
Christian Selmer ◽  
Christian Torp-Pedersen ◽  
Gunnar Gislason ◽  
Caroline Kistorp
Keyword(s):  
Antipsychotic Medication ◽  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Incidence Rate Ratio ◽  
University Hospitals ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Adjusted Incidence Rate ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Adjusted Incidence

AbstractHyperprolactinemia has been suspected to increase mortality risk, but the available data are conflicting. The objective of this study was to estimate the association between hyperprolactinemia and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among patients referred for assessment of prolactin. For this study, adults with no prio pituitary disease who underwent prolactin assessment at 3 university Hospitals in Denmark between 2001 and 2011 were included in a retrospective cohort study. A total of 3 633 patients with a median follow-up time of 5.3 years (IQR 2.7–5.7) were included. Mean (SD) age 39.7 (15.5) years and 78% female. 373/3 633 (10.3%) had hyperprolactinemia and during follow-up 330/3 633 (9.1%) patients died of any cause, and 113/3 633 (3.1%) patients died of cardiovascular causes. In males, hyperprolactinemia was associated with age-adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 1.86 for all-cause mortality (95% CI 1.22–2.82) and 2.55 (95% CI 1.43–4.55) for cardiovascular mortality. The IRR for all-cause mortality was reduced to 1.37 (0.90–2.08) when adjusted for the use of antipsychotic medication. The association between hyperprolactinemia and cardiovascular mortality remained after adjusting for confounders, for example, chronic renal failure, diabetes, and antipsychotic medication. In females, hyperprolactinemia was not associated with all-cause mortality (IRR 1.45; CI 0.86–2.47) or cardiovascular mortality (IRR 0.58; CI 0.14–2.39). In conclusion, hyperprolactinemia was associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in male patients. This association was not found in female patients. Focus on increased cardiovascular risk in males with hyperprolactinemia is warranted.

Uricemia in the acute phase of myocardial infarction and its relation to long-term mortality risk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Hromadka ◽  
Jan Opatrny ◽  
Roman Miklik ◽  
David Suchy ◽  
Jan Bruthans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Reduction ◽  
Hazard Risk ◽  
Increased Risk

Aim: Although uric acid has antioxidant effects, hyperuricemia has been established as an indicator of increased cardiovascular mortality in various patient populations. Treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) is not routinely recommended, and the efficacy of such treatment in terms of cardiovascular risk reduction remains doubtful. Materials & methods: In a prospective cohort study, we followed 5196 patients admitted for a MI between 2006 and 2018. We assessed the relationship between baseline uricemia and the incidence of all-cause death and cardiovascular mortality and the effect of long-term allopurinol treatment. Hyperuricemia was defined as serum uric acid >450 μmol/l in men and >360 μmol/l in women. Results: In the entire cohort, the 1-year all-cause and cardiovascular mortality rates were 8 and 7.4%, and the 5-year rates were 18.3 and 15.3%, respectively. Using a fully adjusted model, hyperuricemia was associated with a 70% increased risk of both all-cause death and cardiovascular mortality at 1 year, and the negative prognostic value of hyperuricemia persisted over the 5-year follow-up (for all-cause death, hazard risk ratio = 1.45 [95% CI: 1.23–1.70] and for cardiovascular mortality, hazard risk ratio = 1.52 [95% CI: 1.28–1.80], respectively). Treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia with allopurinol did not affect mortality rates. Conclusion: Hyperuricemia detected in patients during the acute phase of an MI appears to be independently associated with an increased risk of subsequent fatal cardiovascular events. However, hyperuricemia treatment with low-dose allopurinol did not prove beneficial for these patients.

scholarly journals Does Perturbation-Based Balance Training Prevent Falls? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trials

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 700-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avril Mansfield ◽  
Jennifer S. Wong ◽  
Jessica Bryce ◽  
Svetlana Knorr ◽  
Kara K. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Balance Training ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Neurological Conditions

BackgroundOlder adults and individuals with neurological conditions are at an increased risk for falls. Although physical exercise can prevent falls, certain types of exercise may be more effective. Perturbation-based balance training is a novel intervention involving repeated postural perturbations aiming to improve control of rapid balance reactions.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of perturbation-based balance training on falls in daily life.Data SourcesMEDLINE (1946–July 2014), EMBASE (1974–July 2014), PEDro (all dates), CENTRAL (1991–July 2014), and Google Scholar (all dates) were the data sources used in this study.Study SelectionRandomized controlled trials written in English were included if they focused on perturbation-based balance training among older adults or individuals with neurological conditions and collected falls data posttraining.Data ExtractionTwo investigators extracted data independently. Study authors were contacted to obtain missing information. A PEDro score was obtained for each study. Primary outcomes were proportion of participants who reported one or more falls (ie, number of “fallers”) and the total number of falls. The risk ratio (proportion of fallers) and rate ratio (number of falls) were entered into the analysis.>Data SynthesisEight studies involving 404 participants were included. Participants who completed perturbation-based balance training were less likely to report a fall (overall risk ratio=0.71; 95% confidence interval=0.52, 0.96; P=.02) and reported fewer falls than those in the control groups (overall rate ratio=0.54; 95% confidence interval=0.34, 0.85; P=.007).LimitationsStudy authors do not always identify that they have included perturbation training in their intervention; therefore, it is possible that some appropriate studies were not included. Study designs were heterogeneous, preventing subanalyses.ConclusionsPerturbation-based balance training appears to reduce fall risk among older adults and individuals with Parkinson disease.

Ascertainment Bias in Rate Ratio Estimation from Case-Sibling Control Studies of Variable Age-At-Onset Diseases

Biometrics ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 1129-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Langholz ◽  
Argyrios Ziogas ◽  
Duncan C. Thomas ◽  
Cheryl Faucett ◽  
Mark Huberman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Ascertainment Bias ◽  
Ratio Estimation ◽  
Sibling Control
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