scholarly journals Maximum inflation of the type 1 error rate when sample size and allocation rate are adapted in a pre-planned interim look

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (14) ◽  
pp. 1637-1647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra C. Graf ◽  
Peter Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Type 1 Error

scholarly journals Maximum type 1 error rate inflation in multiarmed clinical trials with adaptive interim sample size modifications

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 614-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra C. Graf ◽  
Peter Bauer ◽  
Ekkehard Glimm ◽  
Franz Koenig
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Type 1 Error ◽  
Multiarmed Clinical Trials

Statistical Power in Psychiatric Research

1986 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D. Bird ◽  
Wayne Hall
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Type 1 Error ◽  
Type 2 Error ◽  
Power Analyses

Statistical power is neglected in much psychiatric research, with the consequence that many studies do not provide a reasonable chance of detecting differences between groups if they exist in the population. This paper attempts to improve current practice by providing an introduction to the essential quantities required for performing a power analysis (sample size, effect size, type 1 and type 2 error rates). We provide simplified tables for estimating the sample size required to detect a specified size of effect with a type 1 error rate of α and a type 2 error rate of β, and for estimating the power provided by a given sample size for detecting a specified size of effect with a type 1 error rate of α. We show how to modify these tables to perform power analyses for multiple comparisons in univariate and some multivariate designs. Power analyses for each of these types of design are illustrated by examples.

scholarly journals Empirical Investigation of Type 1 Error Rate of Univariate Tests of Normality

2016 ◽  
Vol 148 (8) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Kayode Ayinde ◽  
John Olatunde ◽  
Gbenga Sunday
Keyword(s):  
Error Rate ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Type 1 Error

Noninferiority trials with nonadherence to the assigned randomized treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 673-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward L Korn ◽  
Robert J Gray ◽  
Boris Freidlin
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Standard Therapy ◽  
Error Probability ◽  
Experimental Therapy ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Type 1 Error ◽  
Noninferiority Trials

Background: Nonadherence to treatment assignment in a noninferiority randomized trial is especially problematic because it attenuates observed differences between the treatment arms, possibly leading one to conclude erroneously that a truly inferior experimental therapy is noninferior to a standard therapy (inflated type 1 error probability). The Lachin–Foulkes adjustment is an increase in the sample size to account for random nonadherence for the design of a superiority trial with a time-to-event outcome; it has not been explored in the noninferiority trial setting nor with nonrandom nonadherence. Noninferiority trials where patients have knowledge of a personal prognostic risk score may lead to nonrandom nonadherence, as patients with a relatively high risk may be more likely to not adhere to the random assignment to the (reduced) experimental therapy, and patients with a relatively low risk score may be more likely to not adhere to the random assignment to the (more aggressive) standard therapy. Methods: We investigated via simulations the properties of the Lachin–Foulkes adjustment in the noninferiority setting. We considered nonrandom in addition to random nonadherence to the treatment assignment. For nonrandom nonadherence, we used the scenario where a risk score, potentially associated with the between-arm treatment difference, influences patients’ nonadherence. A sensitivity analysis is proposed for addressing the nonrandom nonadherence for this scenario. The noninferiority TAILORx adjuvant breast cancer trial, where eligibility was based on a genomic risk score, is used as an example throughout. Results: The Lachin–Foulkes adjustment to the sample size improves the operating characteristics of noninferiority trials with random nonadherence. However, to maintain type 1 error probability, it is critical to adjust the noninferiorty margin as well as the sample size. With nonrandom nonadherence that is associated with a prognostic risk score, the type 1 error probability of the Lachin–Foulkes adjustment can be inflated (e.g. doubled) when the nonadherence is larger in the experimental arm than the standard arm. The proposed sensitivity analysis lessens the inflation in this situation. Conclusion: The Lachin–Foulkes adjustment to the sample size and noninferiority margin is a useful simple technique for attenuating the effects of random nonadherence in the noninferiority setting. With nonrandom nonadherence associated with a risk score known to the patients, the type 1 error probability can be inflated in certain situations. A proposed sensitivity analysis for these situations can attenuate the inflation.

Tappas: An adaptive enrichment phase 3 trial of TRC105 and pazopanib versus pazopanib alone in patients with advanced angiosarcoma (AAS).

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. TPS11081-TPS11081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Lewis Jones ◽  
Steven Attia ◽  
Cyrus R. Mehta ◽  
Lingyun Liu ◽  
Kamalesh Kumar Sankhala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Adaptive Design ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
The United States ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Type 1 Error ◽  
Secondary Endpoints ◽  
Enrichment Design ◽  
Special Protocol

TPS11081 Background: AAS is an aggressive soft tissue sarcoma (STS) of endothelial cell origin with an expected median overall survival of 8-12 months. Pazopanib (P) is approved for treatment of advanced STS following progression on chemotherapy. In a retrospective study of 40 AAS patients treated with single agent P the median PFS was 3.1 months and median OS 9.9 months with no complete responses. Endoglin is an essential angiogenic receptor expressed on AAS that is upregulated following VEGF inhibition, and TRC105, an endoglin antibody, given with P produced durable complete responses in AAS patients with median PFS of 5.6 months in refractory patients including those receiving prior P. The TAPPAS trial is the first randomized Phase 3 trial performed in AAS, and was initiated following protocol assistance from the EMA and Special Protocol Assessment from the FDA. Methods: TAPPAS is a randomized multicenter study of TRC105/P vs P alone in the United States and Europe that is actively enrolling cutaneous and non-cutaneous AAS patients and incorporates an adaptive enrichment design. Key inclusion criteria: 0, 1 or 2 prior lines of therapy, ECOG ≤ 1. Primary endpoint is PFS and secondary endpoints include ORR and OS. The initial sample size of 124 patients, followed until 95 PFS events, provides more than 80% power to detect a hazard ratio of 0.55. At the time of interim analysis, projected to occur upon the occurrence of 40 events in approximately 70 patients, the result will be classified as belonging to either the favorable, promising, enrichment or unfavorable zones, based on conditional power. The sample size and PFS events will be unchanged in the favorable and unfavorable zones, and will be increased to a total of 200 patients followed for 170 PFS events in the promising zone. The trial will enroll 100 additional patients, with cutaneous disease only, in the enrichment zone and will follow them until 110 events are observed in the total cutaneous population. An independent DMC will follow the trial for safety and futility. The adaptive design requires the enrollment of fewer patients, preserves type-1 error, and protects power to detect a clinically meaningful survival benefit. (NCT 02979899). Clinical trial information: NCT02979899.

Controlling the type 1 error rate in non-inferiority trials

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Snapinn ◽  
Qi Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Error Rate ◽  
Type 1 Error

scholarly journals Robustness of testing procedures for confirmatory subpopulation analyses based on a continuous biomarker

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1879-1892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Christine Graf ◽  
Gernot Wassmer ◽  
Tim Friede ◽  
Roland Gerard Gera ◽  
Martin Posch
Keyword(s):  
Error Rate ◽  
Dependence Structure ◽  
Sequential Designs ◽  
Group Sequential ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Prognostic Effect ◽  
Type 1 Error ◽  
The Family ◽  
Sequential Trials

With the advent of personalized medicine, clinical trials studying treatment effects in subpopulations are receiving increasing attention. The objectives of such studies are, besides demonstrating a treatment effect in the overall population, to identify subpopulations, based on biomarkers, where the treatment has a beneficial effect. Continuous biomarkers are often dichotomized using a threshold to define two subpopulations with low and high biomarker levels. If there is insufficient information on the dependence structure of the outcome on the biomarker, several thresholds may be investigated. The nested structure of such subpopulations is similar to the structure in group sequential trials. Therefore, it has been proposed to use the corresponding critical boundaries to test such nested subpopulations. We show that for biomarkers with a prognostic effect that is not adjusted for in the statistical model, the variability of the outcome may vary across subpopulations which may lead to an inflation of the family-wise type 1 error rate. Using simulations we quantify the potential inflation of testing procedures based on group sequential designs. Furthermore, alternative hypotheses tests that control the family-wise type 1 error rate under minimal assumptions are proposed. The methodological approaches are illustrated by a trial in depression.

scholarly journals Accurate error control in high dimensional association testing using conditional false discovery rates

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Liley ◽  
Chris Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Error Rate ◽  
Error Control ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
New Method ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Type 1 Error ◽  
False Discovery ◽  
Multiple Covariates

AbstractHigh-dimensional hypothesis testing is ubiquitous in the biomedical sciences, and informative covariates may be employed to improve power. The conditional false discovery rate (cFDR) is widely-used approach suited to the setting where the covariate is a set of p-values for the equivalent hypotheses for a second trait. Although related to the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure, it does not permit any easy control of type-1 error rate, and existing methods are over-conservative. We propose a new method for type-1 error rate control based on identifying mappings from the unit square to the unit interval defined by the estimated cFDR, and splitting observations so that each map is independent of the observations it is used to test. We also propose an adjustment to the existing cFDR estimator which further improves power. We show by simulation that the new method more than doubles potential improvement in power over unconditional analyses compared to existing methods. We demonstrate our method on transcriptome-wide association studies, and show that the method can be used in an iterative way, enabling the use of multiple covariates successively. Our methods substantially improve the power and applicability of cFDR analysis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document