BackgroundUnemployment has been associated with chronic pain, which is often treated with prescription opioids. Opioid mortality has been included in the so-called category of ‘deaths of despair’ due to the role of lack of opportunity. While previous studies have found an association between unemployment and opioids, the relationship is endogenous and examining any effect is challenging.ObjectiveThe objective of this paper is to study the association between unemployment and opioid prescribing in England.Data and MethodsWe used data from the GP prescribing database in England for the period 2011–2017 and followed ordinary least squares (OLS) and Instrumental Variable econometric approaches, controlling for other confounders. We used the number of foreign direct investment projects and the number of registered companies as instruments for unemployment, taking population size into account.ResultsThe OLS model suggests that an increase in the unemployment rate by 1 percentage point is associated with 0.017 additional opioid defined daily doses per capita—a 0.9% increase compared with the mean of 1.745. According to the instrumental variable model, an increase in unemployment by 1 percentage point leads to an increase in the number of opioid doses prescribed per capita by between 0.315 and 0.437, which constitutes a 18–25% increase compared with the mean of 1.745.ConclusionsUnemployment appears to have an impact on opioid prescribing volume in England. This reveals yet another negative effect of unemployment on health. Relevant labour market policies may play a protective role with regards to opioid use.
Generalized Inference on Stress-Strength Reliability in Generalized Pareto Model