Change of reaction time according to the presentation of cues about the direction of saccade in a delayed saccade task

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Tsunoda ◽  
Kiyohiko Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Saccade Task

Saccades to somatosensory targets. I. behavioral characteristics

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 412-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Groh ◽  
D. L. Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Saccade Target ◽  
Velocity Amplitude ◽  
Visual Frame ◽  
Saccade Velocity ◽  
Saccade Task ◽  
Visual Targets

1. We compared the properties of saccades to somatosensory and visual targets. This comparison provides insight into the translation of sensory signals coding target location in different sensory coordinate frameworks into motor commands of a common format. Vibrotactile stimuli were delivered to the hands, which were fixed in position and concealed beneath a barrier. Saccades of different directions and amplitudes were elicited by the same somatosensory target from different initial eye positions. Both monkeys and humans served as subjects. 2. Somatosensory saccades were less accurate than visual saccades in both humans and monkeys. When the barrier concealing the hands was removed, somatosensory saccade accuracy improved. While the hands were concealed, the visual frame of reference provided by room illumination did not greatly affect saccade accuracy: accuracy was not degraded in complete darkness for two of three monkeys. 3. The endpoints of saccades to a single somatosensory target varied with initial eye position for the monkeys, but not for the human subjects. 4. We also found evidence of an effect of limb position on somatosensory saccades: when human subjects performed the task with crossed hands, the incidence of curved saccades increased. Saccades often began in the direction of the unstimulated hand and curved markedly toward the stimulated hand. When one subject was required to delay the saccade by 600-1,000 ms after target onset (the delayed saccade task), the saccades were straight. Somatosensory saccades were also straight when the hands were not crossed. 5. The reaction times of somatosensory saccades were longer than the reaction times of visual saccades, and they decreased as a function of saccade amplitude. The delayed saccade task reduced the differences between somatosensory and visual saccade reaction times. The reaction times of saccades to very dim visual targets increased into the range found for saccades to somatosensory targets. When the saccade target was the combination of the somatosensory and visual stimuli at the same location, the reaction time was slightly lower than for visual targets alone. 6. The peak velocities of somatosensory saccades were lower than those of visual saccades of the same amplitude. The velocities of saccades to combined somatosensory and visual targets were indistinguishable from those of saccades to visual targets alone. The differences between somatosensory and visual saccade velocity were maintained in the delayed trial type. These differences suggest that the main sequence or velocity-amplitude relationship characteristic of saccades depends on the modality of the target. 7. The implications of these modality-dependent differences in accuracy, reaction time, and saccade velocity are discussed with regard to models of the saccade generator and the coordinate transformation necessary for somatosensory saccades.

scholarly journals The expression of established cognitive brain states stabilizes with working memory development

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Florentino Montez ◽  
Finnegan J Calabro ◽  
Beatriz Luna
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Reaction Time Variability ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Saccade Task ◽  
Brain States ◽  
Sensorimotor Processes

We present results from a longitudinal study conducted over 10 years in a sample of 126 8–33 year olds demonstrating that adolescent development of working memory is supported by decreased variability in the amplitude of expression of whole brain states of task-related activity. fMRI analyses reveal that putative gain signals affecting maintenance and retrieval aspects of working memory processing stabilize during adolescence, while those affecting sensorimotor processes do not. We show that trial-to-trial variability in the reaction time and accuracy of eye-movements during a memory guided saccade task are related to fluctuations in the amplitude of expression of task-related brain states, or brain state variability, and also provide evidence that individual developmental trajectories of reaction time variability are related to individual trajectories of brain state variability. These observations demonstrate that the stabilization of widespread gain signals affecting already available cognitive processes underlies the maturation of cognition during adolescence.

scholarly journals Stimulation of the substantia nigra influences the specification of memory-guided saccades

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 804-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safraaz Mahamed ◽  
Tiffany J. Garrison ◽  
Joel Shires ◽  
Michele A. Basso
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Delay Period ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Saccade Task ◽  
Stimulation Of

In the absence of sensory information, we rely on past experience or memories to guide our actions. Because previous experimental and clinical reports implicate basal ganglia nuclei in the generation of movement in the absence of sensory stimuli, we ask here whether one output nucleus of the basal ganglia, the substantia nigra pars reticulata (nigra), influences the specification of an eye movement in the absence of sensory information to guide the movement. We manipulated the level of activity of neurons in the nigra by introducing electrical stimulation to the nigra at different time intervals while monkeys made saccades to different locations in two conditions: one in which the target location remained visible and a second in which the target location appeared only briefly, requiring information stored in memory to specify the movement. Electrical manipulation of the nigra occurring during the delay period of the task, when information about the target was maintained in memory, altered the direction and the occurrence of subsequent saccades. Stimulation during other intervals of the memory task or during the delay period of the visually guided saccade task had less effect on eye movements. On stimulated trials, and only when the visual stimulus was absent, monkeys occasionally (∼20% of the time) failed to make saccades. When monkeys made saccades in the absence of a visual stimulus, stimulation of the nigra resulted in a rotation of the endpoints ipsilaterally (∼2°) and increased the reaction time of contralaterally directed saccades. When the visual stimulus was present, stimulation of the nigra resulted in no significant rotation and decreased the reaction time of contralaterally directed saccades slightly. Based on these measurements, stimulation during the delay period of the memory-guided saccade task influenced the metrics of saccades much more than did stimulation during the same period of the visually guided saccade task. Because these effects occurred with manipulation of nigral activity well before the initiation of saccades and in trials in which the visual stimulus was absent, we conclude that information from the basal ganglia influences the specification of an action as it is evolving primarily during performance of memory-guided saccades. When visual information is available to guide the specification of the saccade, as occurs during visually guided saccades, basal ganglia information is less influential.

scholarly journals Neuronal Activity Related to Elapsed Time in Prefrontal Cortex

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 3281-3285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldo Genovesio ◽  
Satoshi Tsujimoto ◽  
Steven P. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Delay Period ◽  
General Aspect ◽  
Elapsed Time ◽  
Dependent Activity ◽  
Saccade Task ◽  
Stimulus Offset ◽  
Delay Dependent

We studied prefrontal cortex activity during a saccade task. On each trial, one of three delay periods elapsed between the onset of a visual stimulus and its offset, which triggered a saccade. After stimulus offset, many neurons showed phasic increases in activity that depended on the duration of the preceding delay period. This delay-dependent activity varied only weakly with reaction time and instead appeared to reflect a more general aspect of elapsed time.

scholarly journals Manual reaction time during a memory-guided delayed saccade task

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 446-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. B. Sirotin ◽  
S. B. Krishna ◽  
J. W. Bisley ◽  
S. C. Steenrod ◽  
M. E. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Saccade Task ◽  
Manual Reaction Time

REACTION TIME AND INTELLIGENCE

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Neçka
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time

Modeling Within-Person Variance in Reaction Time Data of Older Adults

GeroPsych ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Rast ◽  
Daniel Zimprich
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Reaction Time Data ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Time Task ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Second Wave

In order to model within-person (WP) variance in a reaction time task, we applied a mixed location scale model using 335 participants from the second wave of the Zurich Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Aging. The age of the respondents and the performance in another reaction time task were used to explain individual differences in the WP variance. To account for larger variances due to slower reaction times, we also used the average of the predicted individual reaction time (RT) as a predictor for the WP variability. Here, the WP variability was a function of the mean. At the same time, older participants were more variable and those with better performance in another RT task were more consistent in their responses.

The Level of Reaction Time Determines the ERP Correlates of Auditory Negative Priming

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Mayr ◽  
Michael Niedeggen ◽  
Axel Buchner ◽  
Guido Orgs
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Negative Priming ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Negative Priming Effect ◽  
Episodic Retrieval ◽  
Time Level ◽  
Fast Reactions ◽  
Priming Condition

Responding to a stimulus that had to be ignored previously is usually slowed-down (negative priming effect). This study investigates the reaction time and ERP effects of the negative priming phenomenon in the auditory domain. Thirty participants had to categorize sounds as musical instruments or animal voices. Reaction times were slowed-down in the negative priming condition relative to two control conditions. This effect was stronger for slow reactions (above intraindividual median) than for fast reactions (below intraindividual median). ERP analysis revealed a parietally located negativity of the negative priming condition compared to the control conditions between 550-730 ms poststimulus. This replicates the findings of Mayr, Niedeggen, Buchner, and Pietrowsky (2003) . The ERP correlate was more pronounced for slow trials (above intraindividual median) than for fast trials (below intraindividual median). The dependency of the negative priming effect size on the reaction time level found in the reaction time analysis as well as in the ERP analysis is consistent with both the inhibition as well as the episodic retrieval account of negative priming. A methodological artifact explanation of this effect-size dependency is discussed and discarded.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document