In vivo observation of the human tear film by tandem scanning confocal microscopy

Scanning ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Mathers ◽  
Thomas E. Daley
Keyword(s):  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Scanning Confocal Microscopy

scholarly journals In VivoLaser Scanning Confocal Microscopy of Human Meibomian Glands in Aging and Ocular Surface Diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Fasanella ◽  
Luca Agnifili ◽  
Rodolfo Mastropasqua ◽  
Lorenza Brescia ◽  
Federico Di Staso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Tissue Response ◽  
Scanning Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Ocular Surface Diseases ◽  
Meibomian Glands

Meibomian glands (MGs) play a crucial role in the ocular surface homeostasis by providing lipids to the superficial tear film. Their dysfunction destabilizes the tear film leading to a progressive loss of the ocular surface equilibrium and increasing the risk for dry eye. In fact, nowadays, the meibomian gland dysfunction is one of the leading causes of dry eye. Over the past decades, MGs have been mainly studied by using meibography, which, however, cannot image the glandular structure at a cellular level. The diffusion of thein vivolaser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) provided a new approach for the structural assessment of MGs permitting a major step in the noninvasive evaluation of these structures. LSCM is capable of showing MGs modifications during aging and in the most diffuse ocular surface diseases such as dry eye, allergy, and autoimmune conditions and in the drug-induced ocular surface disease. On the other hand, LSCM may help clinicians in monitoring the tissue response to therapy. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge about the role ofin vivoLSCM in the assessment of MGs during aging and in the most diffuse ocular surface diseases.

In vivo observation of the human tear film by tandem scanning confocal microscopy

Scanning ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 316-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Mathers ◽  
Thomas E. Daley
Keyword(s):  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Scanning Confocal Microscopy

In Vivo Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy of the Ocular Surface in Glaucoma

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 879-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Mastropasqua ◽  
Luca Agnifili ◽  
Rodolfo Mastropasqua ◽  
Vincenzo Fasanella ◽  
Mario Nubile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Surgical Approaches ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
Scanning Confocal Microscopy

AbstractOver the past decade, knowledge about the ocular surface in glaucoma has significantly increased through the use of in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). This in vivo imaging method can show modifications at the cellular level induced by anti-glaucoma drugs on ocular surface structures and adnexa in the eye. High-quality images of the conjunctiva, cornea, limbus, meibomian glands, and lymphoid structures during therapy can be obtained. In addition, LSCM opened new fields of research on the patho-physiology of aqueous humor (AH) hydrodynamics in untreated, and in medically or surgically treated glaucomatous patients. In these conditions, an enhancement of the trans-scleral AH outflow contributed to clarification of the mechanism of action of different anti-glaucoma medications and surgical approaches. Finally, the use of LSCM represented a huge advance in evaluation of bleb functionality after filtration surgery, defining the hallmarks of AH filtration through the bleb-wall and distinguishing functional from nonfunctional blebs. Thus, signs seen with LSCM may anticipate clinical failure, guiding the clinician in planning the appropriate timing of the various steps in bleb management. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about in vivo LSCM of the ocular surface in glaucoma.

Laser-feedback microscopy: Fundamental principles and application to high-resolution biological imaging

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 84-85
Author(s):  
Alan Bearden ◽  
Terrence L. Wong ◽  
Morgan W. Mitchell ◽  
Leslie C. Osborne ◽  
Michael P. O’Neill
Keyword(s):  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Numerical Aperture ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Lateral Resolution ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Scanning Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Gaussian Profile ◽  
Phase Interference

As discovered by Abbé, a fundamental limit to the lateral resolution of a conventional optical microscope is produced by “far-field” aperture diffraction at the objective lens. This limitation can be expressed in terms of the Airy disc which relates the obtainable resolution to the wavelength of light used and the objective’s numerical aperture (NA). In scanning confocal microscopy with a laser-produced Gaussian profile illumination beam, the lateral resolution in given by 1.22λ/NA. The axial resolution in this design is improved by the use of a pinhole aperture to pass light only from the objective’s focal plane. Typical best values for lateral (x,y) and axial (z) resolution for visible wavelength scanning confocal microscopy are ~200nm and ~300nm with a NA=1.4 oil immersion objective.Although optical microscopy displays limited resolution when compared to some forms of electron and scanning-probe microscopies (STM, AFM), the convenience of sample preparation and its ease in performing in vivo studies has given rise to new methods of increased resolution (e.g., “near field” techniques, photon-tunneling, phase interference contrast).

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