scholarly journals Sound level measurements from audio recordings provide objective distance estimates for distance sampling wildlife populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Yip ◽  
Elly C. Knight ◽  
Elène Haave‐Audet ◽  
Scott J. Wilson ◽  
Connor Charchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distance Sampling ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
Objective Distance ◽  
Wildlife Populations

The use of distance sampling and mark-resight to estimate the local density of wildlife populations

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Focardi ◽  
Roberto Isotti ◽  
Elisabetta Raganella Pelliccioni ◽  
Daniele Iannuzzo
Keyword(s):  
Local Density ◽  
Distance Sampling ◽  
Wildlife Populations

scholarly journals A Unifying Model for Capture–Recapture and Distance Sampling Surveys of Wildlife Populations

2015 ◽  
Vol 110 (509) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Borchers ◽  
B. C. Stevenson ◽  
D. Kidney ◽  
L. Thomas ◽  
T. A. Marques
Keyword(s):  
Distance Sampling ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Wildlife Populations

scholarly journals The Long-term Impacts of Hunting on Population Viability of Wild Ungulates in Tarangire, Northern Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alfan Abeid Rija
Keyword(s):  
Distance Sampling ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Wild Ungulates ◽  
Illegal Hunting ◽  
Northern Tanzania ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Wildlife Populations ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Response Method

<p>Hunting through illegal and legal means is increasingly recognised as a threat to the sustainability of wildlife populations in reserves throughout Africa. Despite this, in Tanzania, legal hunting has persisted and serves as a source of revenue for conserving these species. Poaching remains a major threat to wildlife populations in many parks and reserves of Tanzania and wildlife habitats are diminishing due to human activities. I examined the impacts of hunting on the long-term persistence of four wild ungulates; impala (Aepyceros melampus Matschie), Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsonii Gunther), wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus Thomas) and zebra (Equus burchellii Matschie) around Tarangire National Park, in northern Tanzania. I investigated the population sizes of these species using Distance sampling method and determined there were 4534 plus or minus 1393 impala 1398 plus or minus 491 Thomson's gazelle, 5199 plus or minus 2670 wildebeest, and 11223 plus or minus 4216 zebra, in the study area. I obtained an estimate of the legal offtake over a five year period from data provided by hunting companies and districts offices in charge of hunting in the area to establish an average size of annual legal offtake of the area. I estimated the poaching levels for each species using random response method by interviewing 298 household respondents within communities living around the area. This established that illegal kill were 2-3 times higher than legal offtake for all four animal species except zebra. The total annual harvests were 6.6% for impala, 18.2% for Thomson's gazelle, 5.2% for wildebeest and 2% for zebra, of population sizes. Using literature review I obtained vital life-history parameters for each species either from within Tarangire, or elsewhere in East Africa. The long-term viability of the four species was then examined under a computer program-VORTEX by constructing a series of models to test the effects of different hunting regimes. The models integrated mortality and fecundity rates, species population sizes and harvest (legal and illegal) rates. Of the four species, impala and Thomson's gazelle fared badly under all simulations, with up to 76% and 68% respectively of the modelled populations going extinct within 100 years under present 3 hunting levels. Wildebeest and zebra were more resilient to hunting. Zebra populations remained robust under current hunting rates. However, its population will slowly decline towards extinction when the hunting exceeds the current rate of 2%. The population of wildebeest will decline towards extinction if the current offtake of 5% persists. The impacts of illegal hunting are severe. This study is the first attempt to characterise the dynamics of the harvested ungulate populations in Tarangire, Tanzania. Poor understanding of this ecosystem especially on the demographic variables of these species, limit firm conclusions. Nevertheless, the findings presented here suggest that VORTEX modelling may be a useful tool for managing hunting at Tarangire and for highlighting research priorities.</p>

Correcting wildlife counts using detection probabilities

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary C. White
Keyword(s):  
Detection Probability ◽  
Distance Sampling ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Mark Recapture ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Release Studies ◽  
Detection Probabilities ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Capture And Release ◽  
Wildlife Populations

One of the most pervasive uses of indices of wildlife populations is uncorrected counts of animals. Two examples are the minimum number known alive from capture and release studies, and aerial surveys where the detection probability is not estimated from a sightability model, marked animals, or distance sampling. Both the mark–recapture and distance-sampling estimators are techniques to estimate the probability of detection of an individual animal (or cluster of animals), which is then used to correct a count of animals. However, often the number of animals in a survey is inadequate to compute an estimate of the detection probability and hence correct the count. Modern methods allow sophisticated modelling to estimate the detection probability, including incorporating covariates to provide additional information about the detection probability. Examples from both distance and mark–recapture sampling are presented to demonstrate the approach.

scholarly journals The Long-term Impacts of Hunting on Population Viability of Wild Ungulates in Tarangire, Northern Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alfan Abeid Rija
Keyword(s):  
Distance Sampling ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Wild Ungulates ◽  
Illegal Hunting ◽  
Northern Tanzania ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Wildlife Populations ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Response Method

<p>Hunting through illegal and legal means is increasingly recognised as a threat to the sustainability of wildlife populations in reserves throughout Africa. Despite this, in Tanzania, legal hunting has persisted and serves as a source of revenue for conserving these species. Poaching remains a major threat to wildlife populations in many parks and reserves of Tanzania and wildlife habitats are diminishing due to human activities. I examined the impacts of hunting on the long-term persistence of four wild ungulates; impala (Aepyceros melampus Matschie), Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsonii Gunther), wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus Thomas) and zebra (Equus burchellii Matschie) around Tarangire National Park, in northern Tanzania. I investigated the population sizes of these species using Distance sampling method and determined there were 4534 plus or minus 1393 impala 1398 plus or minus 491 Thomson's gazelle, 5199 plus or minus 2670 wildebeest, and 11223 plus or minus 4216 zebra, in the study area. I obtained an estimate of the legal offtake over a five year period from data provided by hunting companies and districts offices in charge of hunting in the area to establish an average size of annual legal offtake of the area. I estimated the poaching levels for each species using random response method by interviewing 298 household respondents within communities living around the area. This established that illegal kill were 2-3 times higher than legal offtake for all four animal species except zebra. The total annual harvests were 6.6% for impala, 18.2% for Thomson's gazelle, 5.2% for wildebeest and 2% for zebra, of population sizes. Using literature review I obtained vital life-history parameters for each species either from within Tarangire, or elsewhere in East Africa. The long-term viability of the four species was then examined under a computer program-VORTEX by constructing a series of models to test the effects of different hunting regimes. The models integrated mortality and fecundity rates, species population sizes and harvest (legal and illegal) rates. Of the four species, impala and Thomson's gazelle fared badly under all simulations, with up to 76% and 68% respectively of the modelled populations going extinct within 100 years under present 3 hunting levels. Wildebeest and zebra were more resilient to hunting. Zebra populations remained robust under current hunting rates. However, its population will slowly decline towards extinction when the hunting exceeds the current rate of 2%. The population of wildebeest will decline towards extinction if the current offtake of 5% persists. The impacts of illegal hunting are severe. This study is the first attempt to characterise the dynamics of the harvested ungulate populations in Tarangire, Tanzania. Poor understanding of this ecosystem especially on the demographic variables of these species, limit firm conclusions. Nevertheless, the findings presented here suggest that VORTEX modelling may be a useful tool for managing hunting at Tarangire and for highlighting research priorities.</p>

A Device to Mark Inaudible Behaviors on Audio Recordings

1987 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-240
Author(s):  
Edward A. Shirkey ◽  
Ruben D. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Speech And Language ◽  
Audio Tape ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Audio Recordings

A need exists for speech-language pathologists to have convenient and inexpensive ways to record, on audio tape, occurrences of important inaudible speech- and language-related behaviors. The device described below can be used to mark occurrences of such events.

Quantifying Vocal Power: Correlation of Whole-Body Anaerobic Power to Vocal Function Measures

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 2597-2608
Author(s):  
Emily N. Snell ◽  
Laura W. Plexico ◽  
Aurora J. Weaver ◽  
Mary J. Sandage
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Forced Vital Capacity ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Vocal Function ◽  
Laryngeal Diadochokinesis ◽  
High Sound

Purpose The purpose of this preliminary study was to identify a vocal task that could be used as a clinical indicator of the vocal aptitude or vocal fitness required for vocally demanding occupations in a manner similar to that of the anaerobic power tests commonly used in exercise science. Performance outcomes for vocal tasks that require rapid acceleration and high force production may be useful as an indirect indicator of muscle fiber complement and bioenergetic fitness of the larynx, an organ that is difficult to study directly. Method Sixteen women (age range: 19–24 years, M age = 22 years) were consented for participation and completed the following performance measures: forced vital capacity, three adapted vocal function tasks, and the horizontal sprint test. Results Using a within-participant correlational analyses, results indicated a positive relationship between the rate of the last second of a laryngeal diadochokinesis task that was produced at a high fundamental frequency/high sound level and anaerobic power. Forced vital capacity was not correlated with any of the vocal function tasks. Conclusions These preliminary results indicate that aspects of the laryngeal diadochokinesis task produced at a high fundamental frequency and high sound level may be useful as an ecologically valid measure of vocal power ability. Quantification of vocal power ability may be useful as a vocal fitness assessment or as an outcome measure for voice rehabilitation and habilitation for patients with vocally demanding jobs.

Classification of Infant Vocalizations by Untrained Listeners

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 3265-3275
Author(s):  
Heather L. Ramsdell-Hudock ◽  
Anne S. Warlaumont ◽  
Lindsey E. Foss ◽  
Candice Perry
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Additional Insight ◽  
Listener Responses ◽  
Infant Vocalization ◽  
Early Infant ◽  
Infant Vocalizations ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
Speech And Language Development ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose To better enable communication among researchers, clinicians, and caregivers, we aimed to assess how untrained listeners classify early infant vocalization types in comparison to terms currently used by researchers and clinicians. Method Listeners were caregivers with no prior formal education in speech and language development. A 1st group of listeners reported on clinician/researcher-classified vowel, squeal, growl, raspberry, whisper, laugh, and cry vocalizations obtained from archived video/audio recordings of 10 infants from 4 through 12 months of age. A list of commonly used terms was generated based on listener responses and the standard research terminology. A 2nd group of listeners was presented with the same vocalizations and asked to select terms from the list that they thought best described the sounds. Results Classifications of the vocalizations by listeners largely overlapped with published categorical descriptors and yielded additional insight into alternate terms commonly used. The biggest discrepancies were found for the vowel category. Conclusion Prior research has shown that caregivers are accurate in identifying canonical babbling, a major prelinguistic vocalization milestone occurring at about 6–7 months of age. This indicates that caregivers are also well attuned to even earlier emerging vocalization types. This supports the value of continuing basic and clinical research on the vocal types infants produce in the 1st months of life and on their potential diagnostic utility, and may also help improve communication between speech-language pathologists and families.

Promoting Hearing Loss Prevention in Audiology Practice

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Byrne ◽  
Christa L. Themann ◽  
Deanna K. Meinke ◽  
Thais C. Morata ◽  
Mark R. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Loss Prevention ◽  
Hearing Conservation ◽  
Prevention Services ◽  
Occupational Programs ◽  
Strategic Position ◽  
Public Health Campaigns ◽  
Self Protection

An audiologist should be the principal provider and advocate for all hearing loss prevention activities. Many audiologists equate hearing loss prevention with industrial audiology and occupational hearing conservation programs. However, an audiologist’s involvement in hearing loss prevention should not be confined to that one particular practice setting. In addition to supervising occupational programs, audiologists are uniquely qualified to raise awareness of hearing risks, organize public health campaigns, promote healthy hearing, implement intervention programs, and monitor outcomes. For example, clinical audiologists can show clients how to use inexpensive sound level meters, noise dosimeters, or phone apps to measure noise levels, and recommend appropriate hearing protection. Audiologists should identify community events that may involve hazardous exposures and propose strategies to minimize risks to hearing. Audiologists can help shape the knowledge, beliefs, motivations, attitudes, and behaviors of individuals toward self-protection. An audiologist has the education, tools, opportunity, and strategic position to facilitate or promote hearing loss surveillance and prevention services and activities. This article highlights real-world examples of the various roles and substantial contributions audiologists can make toward hearing loss prevention goals.

Effect of No-load and Load Condition on Transformer Sound

2018 ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
Dr. Hitesh Paghadar
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Power Transformer ◽  
Load Condition ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Level Measurement ◽  
Human Ear

Increasing environment noise pollution is a matter of great concern and of late has been attracting public attention. Sound produces the minute oscillatory changes in air pressure and is audible to the human ear when in the frequency range of 20Hz to 20 kHz. The chief sources of audible sound are the magnetic circuit of transformer which produces sound due to magnetostriction phenomenon, vibration of windings, tank and other structural parts, and the noise produced by cooling equipments. This paper presents the validation for sound level measurement scale, why A-weighted scale is accepted for sound level measurement, experimental study carried out on 10MVA Power Transformer. Also presents the outcomes of comparison between No-Load sound & Load sound level measurement, experimental study carried out on different transformer like - 10MVA, 50MVA, 100MVA Power Transformer, to define the dominant factor of transformer sound generation.

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