Determining the relationship between tree-stem respiration and CO2 efflux by δO2 /Ar measurements

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1752-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alon Angert ◽  
Yossi Sherer
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Stem Respiration ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Tree Stem

scholarly journals Low-cost chamber design for simultaneous CO2 and O2 flux measurements between tree stems and the atmosphere

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Helm ◽  
Henrik Hartmann ◽  
Martin Göbel ◽  
Boaz Hilman ◽  
David Herrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Stem Respiration ◽  
Ecosystem Carbon ◽  
O2 Concentration ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Stem Co2 Efflux ◽  
Tree Stem

Abstract Tree stem CO2 efflux is an important component of ecosystem carbon fluxes and has been the focus of many studies. While CO2 efflux can easily be measured, a growing number of studies have shown that it is not identical with actual in situ respiration. Complementing measurements of CO2 flux with simultaneous measurements of O2 flux provides an additional proxy for respiration, and the combination of both fluxes can potentially help getting closer to actual measures of respiratory fluxes. To date, however, the technical challenge to measure relatively small changes in O2 concentration against its high atmospheric background has prevented routine O2 measurements in field applications. Here we present a new and low-cost field-tested device for autonomous real-time and quasi-continuous long-term measurements of stem respiration by combining CO2 (NDIR based) and O2 (quenching based) sensors in a tree stem chamber. Our device operates as a cyclic closed system and measures changes in both CO2 and O2 concentration within the chamber over time. The device is battery-powered with a > 1 week power independence and data acquisition is conveniently achieved by an internal logger. Results from both field and laboratory tests document that our sensors provide reproducible measurements of CO2 and O2 exchange fluxes under varying environmental conditions.

A new automated stem CO2 efflux chamber based on industrial ultra-low-cost sensors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Brändle ◽  
Norbert Kunert
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Lowland Forest ◽  
Stem Respiration ◽  
Stem Co2 Efflux ◽  
Gas Exchange System ◽  
Controlling Processes

Abstract Tree autotrophic respiratory processes, especially stem respiration or stem CO2 efflux (Estem), are important components of the forest carbon budget. Despite the efforts to investigate the controlling processes of Estem in the last years a considerable lack in our knowledge remains on the abiotic and biotic drivers affecting Estem dynamics. It has been strongly advocated that long-term measurements would shed light into those processes. The expensive scientific instruments needed to measure gas exchange has prevented from applying Estem measurements on a larger temporal and spatial scale. Here, we present an automated closed dynamic chamber system based on inexpensive and industrially broadly applied CO2 sensors reducing the costs for the sensing system to a minimum. The CO2 sensor was cross-calibrated with a commonly used gas exchange system in the laboratory and in the field, and we found very good accordance of these sensors. We tested the system under harsh tropical climatic conditions, characterized by heavy tropical rainfall events, extreme humidity, and temperatures, in a moist lowland forest in Malaysia. We recorded Estem of three Dyera costulata trees with our prototype over various days. The variation of Estem was large among the three tree individuals and varied by 7.5-fold. However, clear diurnal changes in Estem were present in all three tree individuals. One tree showed high diurnal variation in Estem and the relationship between Estem and temperature was characterized by a strong hysteresis. The large variations found within one single tree species highlights the importance of continuous measurement to quantify ecosystem carbon fluxes.

scholarly journals Internal respiration of Amazon tree stems greatly exceeds external CO<sub>2</sub> efflux

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 4979-4991 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Angert ◽  
J. Muhr ◽  
R. Negron Juarez ◽  
W. Alegria Muñoz ◽  
G. Kraemer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Trees ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Water Stream ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Stem Respiration ◽  
Internal Flux ◽  
Stem Co2 Efflux ◽  
Internal Co2 ◽  
Global Carbon ◽  
Net Release

Abstract. Respiration in tree stems is an important component of forest carbon balance. The rate of CO2 efflux from the stem has often been assumed to be a measure of stem respiration. However, recent work in temperate forests has demonstrated that stem CO2 efflux can either overestimate or underestimate respiration rate because of emission or removal of CO2 by transport in xylem water. Here, we studied gas exchange from stems of tropical forest trees using a new approach to better understand respiration in an ecosystem that plays a key role in the global carbon cycle. Our main questions were (1) is internal CO2 transport important in tropical trees, and, if so, (2) does this transport result in net release of CO2 respired in the roots at the stem, or does it cause the opposite effect of net removal of stem-respired CO2? To answer these questions, we measured the ratio of stem CO2 efflux to O2 influx. This ratio, defined here as apparent respiratory quotient (ARQ), is expected to equal 1.0 if carbohydrates are the substrate for respiration, and the net transport of CO2 in the xylem water is negligible. Using a stem chamber approach to quantifying ARQ, we found values of 0.66 ± 0.18. These low ARQ values indicate that a large portion of respired CO2 (~ 35%) is not emitted locally, and is probably transported upward in the stem. ARQ values of 0.21 ± 0.10 were found for the steady-state gas concentration within the stem, sampled by in-stem equilibration probes. These lower values may result from the proximity to the xylem water stream. In contrast, we found ARQ values of 1.00 ± 0.13 for soil respiration. Our results indicate the existence of a considerable internal flux of CO2 in the stems of tropical trees. If the transported CO2 is used in the canopy as a substrate for photosynthesis, it could account for up to 10% of the C fixed by the tree, and perhaps serve as a mechanism that buffers the response of the tree to changing CO2 levels. Our results also indicate, in agreement with previous work, that the widely used CO2 efflux approach for determining stem respiration is unreliable. We demonstrate here a field applicable approach for measuring the O2 uptake rate, which we suggest to be a more appropriate method to estimate stem respiration rates.

Diurnal deviations in the relationship between CO2 efflux and temperature: A case study

CATENA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Darenova ◽  
Marian Pavelka ◽  
Manuel Acosta
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Comparison of CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> fluxes demonstrate retention of respired CO<sub>2</sub> in tree stems from a range of tree species

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boaz Hilman ◽  
Jan Muhr ◽  
Susan E. Trumbore ◽  
Norbert Kunert ◽  
Mariah S. Carbone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Stem Respiration ◽  
Low Solubility ◽  
Main Substrate

Abstract. The ratio of CO2 efflux to O2 influx (ARQ, apparent respiratory quotient) in tree stems is expected to be 1.0 for carbohydrates, the main substrate supporting stem respiration. In previous studies of stem fluxes, ARQ values below 1.0 were observed and hypothesized to indicate retention of respired carbon within the stem. Here, we demonstrate that stem ARQ < 1.0 values are common across 85 tropical, temperate, and Mediterranean forest trees from nine different species. Mean ARQ values per species per site ranged from 0.39 to 0.78, with an overall mean of 0.59. Assuming that O2 uptake provides a measure of in situ stem respiration (due to the low solubility of O2), the overall mean indicates that on average 41 % of CO2 respired in stems is not emitted from the local stem surface. The instantaneous ARQ did not vary with sap flow. ARQ values of incubated stem cores were similar to those measured in stem chambers on intact trees. We therefore conclude that dissolution of CO2 in the xylem sap and transport away from the site of respiration cannot explain the low ARQ values. We suggest refixation of respired CO2 in biosynthesis reactions as possible mechanism for low ARQ values.

Seasonally varying relationship between stem respiration, increment and carbon allocation of Norway spruce trees

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 943-955
Author(s):  
Eva Darenova ◽  
Petr Horáček ◽  
Jan Krejza ◽  
Radek Pokorný ◽  
Marian Pavelka
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Stem Respiration ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stem Radial Increment

Abstract Stem respiration is an important component of an ecosystem’s carbon budget. Beside environmental factors, it depends highly on tree energy demands for stem growth. Determination of the relationship between stem growth and stem respiration would help to reveal the response of stem respiration to changing climate, which is expected to substantially affect tree growth. Common measurement of stem radial increment does not record all aspects of stem growth processes, especially those connected with cell wall thickening; therefore, the relationship between stem respiration and stem radial increment may vary depending on the wood cell growth differentiation phase. This study presents results from measurements of stem respiration and increment carried out for seven growing seasons in a young Norway spruce forest. Moreover, rates of carbon allocation to stems were modeled for these years. Stem respiration was divided into maintenance (Rm) and growth respiration (Rg) based upon the mature tissue method. There was a close relationship between Rg and daily stem radial increment (dSRI), and this relationship differed before and after dSRI seasonal maximum, which was around 19 June. Before this date, Rg increased exponentially with dSRI, while after this date logarithmically. This is a result of later maxima of Rg and its slower decrease when compared with dSRI, which is connected with energy demands for cell wall thickening. Rg reached a maxima at the end of June or in July. The maximum of carbon allocation to stem peaked in late summer, when Rg mostly tended to decrease. The overall contribution of Rg to stem CO2 efflux amounted to 46.9% for the growing period from May to September and 38.2% for the year as a whole. This study shows that further deeper analysis of in situ stem growth and stem respiration dynamics is greatly needed, especially with a focus on wood formation on a cell level.

Estimation of whole-stem respiration, incorporating vertical and seasonal variations in stem CO2 efflux rate, of Chamaecyparis obtusa trees

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masatake G. Araki ◽  
Hajime Utsugi ◽  
Takuya Kajimoto ◽  
Qingmin Han ◽  
Tatsuro Kawasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Efflux Rate ◽  
Stem Respiration ◽  
Stem Co2 Efflux

Seasonal variations in soil respiration and temperature sensitivity under three land-use types in hilly areas of the Sichuan Basin

Soil Research ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 727 ◽  
Author(s):  
XiaoGuo Wang ◽  
Bo Zhu ◽  
MeiRong Gao ◽  
YanQiang Wang ◽  
XunHua Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Forest Plantation ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
Q10 Value ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
The Relationship

CO2 emissions from soils were measured under 3 land-use types at the adjacent plots of forest plantation, grassland, and cropland from January 2005 to December 2006. Mean soil CO2 efflux rates measured during the 2-year study varied from 59 to 527 mg CO2/m2.h in forest plantation, 37 to 498 mg CO2/m2.h in grassland, and 32 to 397 mg CO2/m2.h in cropland. Soil respiration in the 3 types of land-use showed a similar seasonal pattern in variation during both years, in which the single-peaked curve occurred in early summer and the minimum in winter. In particular, the date of maximum soil CO2 efflux rate in cropland occurred about 30 days earlier than in forest and grassland in both 2005 and 2006. The relationship of soil respiration rate (R) with soil temperature (T ) and soil moisture (W ) fitted well to the equation R = β0eβ1TW β2 (a, b, c were constants) than other univariate models which consider soil water content or soil temperature alone. Soil temperature and soil moisture together explained 69–92% of the temporal variation in soil respiration in the 3 land-use types. Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration (Q10) was affected positively by soil moisture of top 0.1 m layer and negatively by soil temperature at 0.05 m depth. The relationship between Q10 values and soil temperature (T ) or soil moisture (W ) indicated that a 1°C increase in soil temperature at 0.05 m depth will reduce the Q10 value by 0.07, 0.05, and 0.06 in forest, grassland, and cropland, respectively. Similarly, a 1% decrease in soil moisture of the top 0.1 m layer will reduce the Q10 value by 0.10, 0.09, and 0.11 in forest, grassland, and cropland.

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