Foliar absorption of some glyphosate formulations and their efficacy on plants

1995 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poul E. Laerke ◽  
Jens C. Streibig
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Glyphosate Formulations

Foliar Penetration and Phytotoxicity of Paraquat as Influenced by Peanut Cultivar1

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Wehtje ◽  
J. W. Wilcut ◽  
J. A. McGuire ◽  
T. V. Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Peanut Cultivars

Abstract Field studies were conducted over a three year period to examine the sensitivity of four peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars (Florunner, Sunrunner, Southern runner, and NC 7) to foliar applications of paraquat (1, 1′-dimethyl-4, 4′-bipyridinium ion). Treatments included an untreated control and four herbicide treatments: paraquat applied alone at 0.14 and 0.28 kg/ha, or tank mixed with alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2, 6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] at 4.40 kg/ha. Weeds were hand-removed so that only herbicidal treatments were variables. Paraquat phytotoxicity did not differ between cultivars. No cultivar evaluated was abnormally sensitive nor tolerant to any paraquat-containing treatment. Laboratory studies utilizing radio labelled paraquat revealed that foliar absorption and translocation of paraquat did not vary between peanut cultivars. Yield differences were attributed to differences in yield potential between cultivars.

scholarly journals Impacts of three glyphosate formulations on gonadal development of Xenopus laevis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 239784732110314
Author(s):  
Oluwaseun O Babalola ◽  
J Christoff Truter ◽  
Johannes H van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Amphibian Declines ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pesticide Pollution ◽  
Glyphosate Formulations

The emergence of widespread morphological malformations in the reproductive system of wildlife is generating increasing concerns. This concern is because the observed malformities may be linked to pollution by pesticides and other chemicals. The amphibian declines, for example, have been linked to pesticide pollution among other factors. Using an extended Xenopus Metamorphosis Assay protocol, until the tadpoles metamorphosized, the exposure impacts of three glyphosate formulations, namely, Roundup, Kilo Max and Enviro Glyphosate, were assessed on the reproductive system of Xenopus laevis, vis-a-vis the body mass, sex ratios and morphological malformations as endpoints. The exposure concentrations ranged between 0.2–0.6 mg/L, 0.9–28 mg/L and 90–280 mg/L for Roundup, Enviro Glyphosate, and Kilo Max, respectively. Both Kilo Max and Enviro Glyphosate formulations significantly reduced the body mass of the metamorphs compared to the control. In sex ratios, only Kilo Max altered the percentage sex ratio of the treated frogs at a ratio of 68:32 (F:M) compared to 50:50 ratio in the control. In reproductive malformations, the three formulations showed abnormality index range of 22.3–49%, 17.5–37.5% and 20–30% for the Kilo Max, Enviro Glyphosate and Roundup formulations, respectively, compared to 7.5% in the control. Observed reproductive malformations include mixed sex, translucence, aplasia, segmented hypertrophy and segmented aplasia and translucence. This result indicates that some of the glyphosate formulations have the capacity to cause widespread reproductive malformations in a way that could reduce the reproductive fitness of the amphibian. Care must therefore be taken to reduce the application rate of these formulations, particularly in aquatic environments.

Phytotoxicity of Glyphosate to Italian Ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum)and Red Clover(Trifolium pratense)

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Segura ◽  
S. W. Bingham ◽  
C. L. Foy
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Clover Seed

The phytotoxicity of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] on seeds (protected or non-protected with soil) and seedlings of Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorumLam.) and red clover(Trifolium pratenseL.) was studied in the greenhouse. Percent germination of Italian ryegrass seeds covered with soil was significantly reduced with glyphosate applied at 4 kg/ha. The direct treatment over the seeds on the soil surface was more toxic, reducing the number of established seedlings at dosages of 3 and 4 kg/ha. In the two red clover seed treatments, germination was significantly reduced with 2 kg/ha of herbicide. Even though germination was reduced at intermediate rates of glyphosate, shoot growth and tillering were improved and yields of dry weight were equivalent to that of untreated plants. Postemergence applications of glyphosate were phytotoxic to both species with the effects becoming more pronounced at increasing dosages. However, at equal dosage, red clover was less susceptible than Italian ryegrass. The patterns of foliar absorption and translocation of14C from14C-glyphosate was similar in Italian ryegrass and red clover.14C was translocated throughout the plants and exhibited apoplastic and symplastic movement.

Foliar Absorption and Phytotoxicity of Quizalofop with Lipid Compounds

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 558-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank A. Manthey ◽  
Edward F. Szelezniak ◽  
Zbigniew M. Anyszka ◽  
John D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Enhanced Absorption ◽  
Oil Derivatives ◽  
Lipid Compounds ◽  
Oil Sunflower

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of triglycerides, free fatty acids (FFA), and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) on the foliar absorption, translocation, and phytotoxicity of quizalofop. Absorption, translocation, and phytotoxicity of quizalofop in oats were greater when quizalofop was applied with FFA or FAME than with their respective triglycerides. Triglycerides and FFA generally enhanced quizalofop absorption and translocation more when they contained unsaturated than saturated fatty acids. Methylation of the fatty acids reduced differences among fatty acids, but methyl stearate and methyl linolenate enhanced absorption of quizalofop less than the other FAME for oats and yellow foxtail. Quizalofop absorption and phytotoxicity to oats were greater when applied with sunflower oil, sunflower oil FFA, and sunflower oil FAME than with the corresponding linseed oil derivatives. Emulsifier generally reduced differences between linseed oil and sunflower oil derivatives in their enhancement of absorption, translocation, and phytotoxicity of quizalofop.

Postemergence Activity of Sulfentrazone: Effects of Surfactants and Leaf Surfaces

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franck E. Dayan ◽  
Hannah M. Green ◽  
John D. Weete ◽  
H. Gary Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Severely Injured ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Cellular Tolerance ◽  
Species Specific

Sulfentrazone was foliar applied at 34 and 56 g ai ha−1alone or in combination with surfactants to soybean cultivars Hutcheson and Centennial and to sicklepod, coffee senna, smallflower morningglory, velvetleaf, and yellow nutsedge. The most sensitive weeds, including coffee senna, smallflower morningglory, and velvetleaf, were severely injured by the lowest rate when sulfentrazone was applied with surfactants. Sulfentrazone provided the highest control of yellow nutsedge with X-77. Soybeans were not severely injured by sulfentrazone applied alone, but 55% foliar injury occurred when the herbicide was applied with X-77. However, the seedlings were not killed. Sicklepod was the most tolerant of the weeds tested. In the absence of surfactants, the order of radiolabeled sulfentrazone absorption by the foliage was Centennial (5.8%) = Hutcheson (8.5%) = coffee senna (10.4%) < yellow nutsedge (17.0%) < velvetleaf (22.3%) = smallflower morningglory (24%). Sicklepod leaves did not retain droplets containing sulfentrazone when no surfactant was used. Species with the highest foliar absorption also showed the greatest phytotoxic response to the herbicide. Addition of surfactants to the spray mixture enhanced the foliar absorption and overall phytotoxicity of sulfentrazone in the weeds. An inverse relationship was detected between the foliar absorption of sulfentrazone without surfactants and the amount of cuticular wax present on the leaves. No such correlation was observed when surfactants were used. Thus, surfactants overcame the barrier to absorption imposed by the cuticular wax and, under these conditions, selectivity apparently became dependent upon species-specific cellular tolerance to sulfentrazone.

Foliar Absorption and Distribution of 2,3,5‐Triiodobenzoic Acid (TIBA) in Soybeans ( Glycine max ) 1

1970 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 731-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Sant'Anna ◽  
A. J. Ohlrogge ◽  
J. E. Christian ◽  
C. E. Breckinridge
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Triiodobenzoic Acid

Leaf Wash Techniques for Estimation of Foliar Absorption of Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm D. Devine ◽  
Hank D. Bestman ◽  
Chris Hall ◽  
William H. Vanden Born
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Tartary Buckwheat ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Fagopyrum Tataricum ◽  
Common Procedure ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Effective Efficiency

Three wash techniques, each with 1, 10, or 95% (v/v) ethanol:water were used to measure foliar absorption of14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine],14C-3,6-dichloropicolinic acid, and14C-chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} in Tartary buckwheat [Fagopyrum tataricum(L.) Gaertn. ♯3FAGTA], Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR], and barley (Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Galt’). For the herbicides and species tested, the most suitable common procedure for determining absorption consisted of a double or triple rinse with or immersion in 10% ethanol. Wiping the treated leaves with cotton balls moistened with the solvent was much less effective. Efficiency of herbicide removal by a given solvent was not related consistently to solubility of the herbicide in the solvent.

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