Thermal response of process equipment to hydrocarbon fires. Relatively small fires in a process plant can cause equipment failure and initiate a much more dangerous situation

1983 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Solberg ◽  
O. Borgnes
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Response ◽  
Process Equipment ◽  
Equipment Failure ◽  
Dangerous Situation ◽  
Process Plant

scholarly journals Risk Assessment and Deployment for Safety Showers and Eyewash Stations in the Process Plant Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8707
Author(s):  
Jae-Young Choi ◽  
Sang-Hoon Byeon
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Industrial Hygiene ◽  
Process Equipment ◽  
Process Safety ◽  
Plant Industry ◽  
Hazardous Chemicals ◽  
Safety Improvement ◽  
Process Plant ◽  
Process Plants ◽  
Operator Safety

Safety showers and eyewash stations are equipment used for primary washing if their operator is exposed to hazardous chemicals. Therefore, safety showers and eyewash stations should be installed to ensure operator safety in process plants with excessive hazardous chemicals. International guidelines related to safety showers and eyewash stations are introduced in ANSI Z358.1, BS EN 15154, and German DIN 12899-3:2009, but only mechanical specifications regarding safety showers and eyewash stations are suggested. As such, there are currently no engineering guidelines, books, or technical journal papers requiring safety showers or eyewash stations and their efficient deployment. Thus, this study conducted risk assessment from an industrial hygiene perspective, suggesting which process equipment requires a safety shower and eyewash, including their economical and efficient deployment for operator safety. In industry, safety showers and eyewash stations are considered part of the process safety field; this study attempted to contribute to the safety improvement of operators by applying risk assessment of the industrial hygiene field. More studies are needed that contribute to operators’ safety by incorporating industrial hygiene fields for other process safety fields, including safety showers and eyewash stations.

Maintenance downtime evaluation in a process bottling plant

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Kenechukwu Inyiama ◽  
Sunday Ayoola Oke
Keyword(s):  
Control Process ◽  
Failure Pattern ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Process Equipment ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Pareto Analysis ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Process Plant

PurposeDowntime is a process parameter that substantially impacts on the operating hours and results in production losses, thus motivating maintenance engineers to control process plants. Notwithstanding, the impacting nature of process equipment failure on the operating hours in bottling plants remains inadequately examined. In this paper, the cause-and-effect analysis was used to establish the root cause of the downtime problem and Pareto analysis employed to justify the greatest opportunities for improvement in reducing downtime and increasing reliability levels. Weibull analysis is then conducted on the industrial setting. Novel aspect ratios are proposed.Design/methodology/approachUsing the Weibull failure function of machines as a principal facilitator to produce failure predictions, the downtime behaviour of a process plant was modelled and tested with practical data from a bottling process plant. This research was conducted in a Nigerian process bottling plant where historical data were examined.FindingsThe analysis of the results shows the following principal outcome: First, the machines with the highest and least downtime values are 2 and 5, respectively, with correspondingly mean values of 22.83 and 4.39 h monthly. Second, the total downtime 92.05 and 142.14 h for the observed and target downtime, with a coefficient of determination of 0.5848 was recorded. Third, as month 1 was taken as the base period (target), all the machines, except M5 had accepted performance, indicating proper preventive maintenance plan execution for the bottling process plant. Availability shows a direct relationship between the failure and uptime of the machines and the downtime impacts on production. Two machines had random failure pattern and five machines exhibited a wear-out failure pattern and probably due to old age and wear of components in the machines.Originality/valueThe major contribution of the paper is the Weibull modelling in a unique application to a bottling plant to avoid current practices that use reliability software that is not easily accessible.

An Overview of Vapor Cloud Explosions and Their Relationship to Equipment and Piping Configurations

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian J. Pierorazio
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Process Equipment ◽  
Equipment Failure ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Free Expansion ◽  
Vapor Cloud

Pressure vessel and piping layout is usually focused on minimizing construction costs and ensuring safety from an equipment failure standpoint. When the equipment contains flammable gases, a leak or rupture may result in a vapor cloud explosion (VCE). The severity of the resulting explosion is a function of the material reactivity, the equipment density, and the presence of structures that restrict the free expansion of the combusting cloud. This paper provides an overview of existing vapor cloud explosion prediction methodologies, with an emphasis on the effects of process equipment and piping spacing on the severity of a VCE.

Microcalorimeters for X-Ray Spectroscopy

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
E. Silver ◽  
C. Hailey ◽  
S. Labov ◽  
N. Madden ◽  
D. Landis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
High Resolution Spectroscopy ◽  
Superconducting Transition ◽  
Sapphire Substrates ◽  
Laboratory Plasmas ◽  
Adiabatic Demagnetization ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

The merits of microcalorimetry below 1°K for high resolution spectroscopy has become widely recognized on theoretical grounds. By combining the high efficiency, broadband spectral sensitivity of traditional photoelectric detectors with the high resolution capabilities characteristic of dispersive spectrometers, the microcalorimeter could potentially revolutionize spectroscopic measurements of astrophysical and laboratory plasmas. In actuality, however, the performance of prototype instruments has fallen short of theoretical predictions and practical detectors are still unavailable for use as laboratory and space-based instruments. These issues are currently being addressed by the new collaborative initiative between LLNL, LBL, U.C.I., U.C.B., and U.C.D.. Microcalorimeters of various types are being developed and tested at temperatures of 1.4, 0.3, and 0.1°K. These include monolithic devices made from NTD Germanium and composite configurations using sapphire substrates with temperature sensors fabricated from NTD Germanium, evaporative films of Germanium-Gold alloy, or material with superconducting transition edges. A new approache to low noise pulse counting electronics has been developed that allows the ultimate speed of the device to be determined solely by the detector thermal response and geometry. Our laboratory studies of the thermal and resistive properties of these and other candidate materials should enable us to characterize the pulse shape and subsequently predict the ultimate performance. We are building a compact adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator for conveniently reaching 0.1°K in the laboratory and for use in future satellite-borne missions. A description of this instrument together with results from our most recent experiments will be presented.

Numerical simulation of the tree higro-thermal response in forest fire environment

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-65
Author(s):  
Eusébio Conceiçã ◽  
João Gomes ◽  
Maria Manuela Lúcio ◽  
Jorge Raposo ◽  
Domingos Xavier Viegas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fire ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
View Factor ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Surface Temperatures ◽  
Fire Environment ◽  
Fire Front ◽  
Heat Exchanges

This paper refers to a numerical study of the hypo-thermal behaviour of a pine tree in a forest fire environment. The pine tree thermal response numerical model is based on energy balance integral equations for the tree elements and mass balance integral equation for the water in the tree. The simulation performed considers the heat conduction through the tree elements, heat exchanges by convection between the external tree surfaces and the environment, heat exchanges by radiation between the flame and the external tree surfaces and water heat loss by evaporation from the tree to the environment. The virtual three-dimensional tree model has a height of 7.5 m and is constituted by 8863 cylindrical elements representative of its trunks, branches and leaves. The fire front has 10 m long and a 2 m high. The study was conducted taking into account that the pine tree is located 5, 10 or 15 m from the fire front. For these three analyzed distances, the numerical results obtained regarding to the distribution of the view factors, mean radiant temperature and surface temperatures of the pine tree are presented. As main conclusion, it can be stated that the values of the view factor, MRT and surface temperatures of the pine tree decrease with increasing distance from the pine tree in front of fire.

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