scholarly journals Crystal structure of the TM1442 protein from Thermotoga maritima, a homolog of the Bacillus subtilis general stress response anti-anti-sigma factor RsbV

2004 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Young Lee ◽  
Hyung Jun Ahn ◽  
Kook Sun Ha ◽  
Se Won Suh
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Sigma Factor ◽  
Thermotoga Maritima ◽  
General Stress Response ◽  
General Stress

Structure of the RsbX phosphatase involved in the general stress response ofBacillus subtilis

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1392-1399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aik-Hong Teh ◽  
Masatomo Makino ◽  
Takeshi Hoshino ◽  
Seiki Baba ◽  
Nobutaka Shimizu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Metal Binding ◽  
Sigma Factor ◽  
Phosphorylation Sites ◽  
Ofbacillus Subtilis ◽  
Metal Binding Site ◽  
General Stress Response ◽  
General Stress ◽  
Helical Turn

In the general stress response ofBacillus subtilis, which is governed by the sigma factor σB, stress signalling is relayed by a cascade of Rsb proteins that regulate σBactivity. RsbX, a PPM II phosphatase, halts the response by dephosphorylating the stressosome composed of RsbR and RsbS. The crystal structure of RsbX reveals a reorganization of the catalytic centre, with the second Mn2+ion uniquely coordinated by Gly47 O from the β4–α1 loop instead of a water molecule as in PPM I phosphatases. An extra helical turn of α1 tilts the loop towards the metal-binding site, and the β2–β3 loop swings outwards to accommodate this tilting. The residues critical for this defining feature of the PPM II phosphatases are highly conserved. Formation of the catalytic centre is metal-specific, as crystallization with Mg2+ions resulted in a shift of the β4–α1 loop that led to loss of the second ion. RsbX also lacks the flap subdomain characteristic of PPM I phosphatases. On the basis of a stressosome model, the activity of RsbX towards RsbR-P and RsbS-P may be influenced by the different accessibilities of their phosphorylation sites.

scholarly journals Modeling the functioning of YtvA in the general stress response in Bacillus subtilis

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen B. van der Steen ◽  
Yusuke Nakasone ◽  
Johnny Hendriks ◽  
Klaas J. Hellingwerf
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
General Stress Response ◽  
General Stress

scholarly journals Exposure of Bacillus subtilis to Low Pressure (5 Kilopascals) Induces Several Global Regulons, Including Those Involved in the SigB-Mediated General Stress Response

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (16) ◽  
pp. 4788-4794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha M. Waters ◽  
José A. Robles-Martínez ◽  
Wayne L. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Content Type ◽  
General Stress Response ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
General Stress ◽  
Microbial Responses

ABSTRACTStudies of how microorganisms respond to pressure have been limited mostly to the extreme high pressures of the deep sea (i.e., the piezosphere). In contrast, despite the fact that the growth of most bacteria is inhibited at pressures below ∼2.5 kPa, little is known of microbial responses to low pressure (LP). To study the global LP response, we performed transcription microarrays onBacillus subtiliscells grown under normal atmospheric pressure (∼101 kPa) and a nearly inhibitory LP (5 kPa), equivalent to the pressure found at an altitude of ∼20 km. Microarray analysis revealed altered levels of 363 transcripts belonging to several global regulons (AbrB, CcpA, CodY, Fur, IolR, ResD, Rok, SigH, Spo0A). Notably, the highest number of upregulated genes, 86, belonged to the SigB-mediated general stress response (GSR) regulon. Upregulation of the GSR by LP was confirmed by monitoring the expression of the SigB-dependentctc-lacZreporter fusion. Measuring transcriptome changes resulting from exposure of bacterial cells to LP reveals insights into cellular processes that may respond to LP exposure.

scholarly journals A Mutant RNA Polymerase Activates the General Stress Response, Enabling Escherichia coli Adaptation to Late Prolonged Stationary Phase

mSphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pabitra Nandy ◽  
Savita Chib ◽  
Aswin Seshasayee
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Sigma Factor ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Content Type ◽  
General Stress Response ◽  
E Coli ◽  
General Stress ◽  
Small Colony

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli populations undergo repeated replacement of parental genotypes with fitter variants deep in stationary phase. We isolated one such variant, which emerged after 3 weeks of maintaining an E. coli K-12 population in stationary phase. This variant displayed a small colony phenotype and slow growth and was able to outcompete its ancestor over a narrow time window in stationary phase. The variant also shows tolerance to beta-lactam antibiotics, though not previously exposed to the antibiotic. We show that an RpoC(A494V) mutation confers the slow growth and small colony phenotype on this variant. The ability of this mutation to confer a growth advantage in stationary phase depends on the availability of the stationary-phase sigma factor σS. The RpoC(A494V) mutation upregulates the σS regulon. As shown over 20 years ago, early in prolonged stationary phase, σS attenuation, but not complete loss of activity, confers a fitness advantage. Our study shows that later mutations enhance σS activity, either by mutating the gene for σS directly or via mutations such as RpoC(A494V). The balance between the activities of the housekeeping major sigma factor and σS sets up a trade-off between growth and stress tolerance, which is tuned repeatedly during prolonged stationary phase. IMPORTANCE An important general mechanism of a bacterium’s adaptation to its environment involves adjusting the balance between growing fast and tolerating stresses. One paradigm where this plays out is in prolonged stationary phase: early studies showed that attenuation, but not complete elimination, of the general stress response enables early adaptation of the bacterium E. coli to the conditions established about 10 days into stationary phase. We show here that this balance is not static and that it is tilted back in favor of the general stress response about 2 weeks later. This can be established by direct mutations in the master regulator of the general stress response or by mutations in the core RNA polymerase enzyme itself. These conditions can support the development of antibiotic tolerance although the bacterium is not exposed to the antibiotic. Further exploration of the growth-stress balance over the course of stationary phase will necessarily require a deeper understanding of the events in the extracellular milieu.

scholarly journals The Blue-Light Receptor YtvA Acts in the Environmental Stress Signaling Pathway of Bacillus subtilis

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 (17) ◽  
pp. 6387-6395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Gaidenko ◽  
Tae-Jong Kim ◽  
Andrea L. Weigel ◽  
Margaret S. Brody ◽  
Chester W. Price
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Stress Signaling ◽  
Negative Regulators ◽  
General Stress Response ◽  
Signaling Complex ◽  
General Stress ◽  
Stress Signaling Pathway

ABSTRACT The general stress response of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis is regulated by a partner-switching mechanism in which serine and threonine phosphorylation controls protein interactions in the stress-signaling pathway. The environmental branch of this pathway contains a family of five paralogous proteins that function as negative regulators. Here we present genetic evidence that a sixth paralog, YtvA, acts as a positive regulator in the same environmental signaling branch. We also present biochemical evidence that YtvA and at least three of the negative regulators can be isolated from cell extracts in a large environmental signaling complex. YtvA differs from these associated negative regulators by its flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-containing light-oxygen-voltage domain. Others have shown that this domain has the photochemistry expected for a blue-light sensor, with the covalent linkage of the FMN chromophore to cysteine 62 composing a critical part of the photocycle. Consistent with the view that light intensity modifies the output of the environmental signaling pathway, we found that cysteine 62 is required for YtvA to exert its positive regulatory role in the absence of other stress. Transcriptional analysis of the ytvA structural gene indicated that it provides the entry point for at least one additional environmental input, mediated by the Spx global regulator of disulfide stress. These results support a model in which the large signaling complex serves to integrate multiple environmental signals in order to modulate the general stress response.

scholarly journals Global Analysis of the General Stress Response ofBacillus subtilis

2001 ◽  
Vol 183 (19) ◽  
pp. 5617-5631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Petersohn ◽  
Matthias Brigulla ◽  
Stefan Haas ◽  
Jörg D. Hoheisel ◽  
Uwe Völker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Sigma Factor ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Transcriptional Analysis ◽  
Ethanol Stress ◽  
General Stress Response ◽  
Multiple Stress ◽  
Stress Genes ◽  
General Stress

ABSTRACT Gene arrays containing all currently known open reading frames ofBacillus subtilis were used to examine the general stress response of Bacillus. By proteomics, transcriptional analysis, transposon mutagenesis, and consensus promoter-based screening, 75 genes had previously been described as ςB-dependent general stress genes. The present gene array-based analysis confirmed 62 of these already known general stress genes and detected 63 additional genes subject to control by the stress sigma factor ςB. At least 24 of these 125 ςB-dependent genes seemed to be subject to a second, ςB-independent stress induction mechanism. Therefore, this transcriptional profiling revealed almost four times as many regulon members as the proteomic approach, but failure of confirmation of all known members of the ςB regulon indicates that even this approach has not yet elucidated the entire regulon. Most of the ςB-dependent general stress proteins are probably located in the cytoplasm, but 25 contain at least one membrane-spanning domain, and at least 6 proteins appear to be secreted. The functions of most of the newly described genes are still unknown. However, their classification as ςB-dependent stress genes argues that their products most likely perform functions in stress management and help to provide the nongrowing cell with multiple stress resistance. A comprehensive screening program analyzing the multiple stress resistance of mutants with mutations in single stress genes is in progress. The first results of this program, showing the diminished salt resistance of yjbC and yjbD mutants compared to that of the wild type, are presented. Only a few new ςB-dependent proteins with already known functions were found, among them SodA, encoding a superoxide dismutase. In addition to analysis of the ςB-dependent general stress regulon, a comprehensive list of genes induced by heat, salt, or ethanol stress in a ςB-independent manner is presented. Perhaps the most interesting of the ςB-independent stress phenomena was the induction of the extracytoplasmic function sigma factor ςW and its entire regulon by salt shock.

scholarly journals Global Transcriptional Response of Bacillus subtilis to Heat Shock

2001 ◽  
Vol 183 (24) ◽  
pp. 7318-7328 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Helmann ◽  
Ming Fang Winston Wu ◽  
Phil A. Kobel ◽  
Francisco-Javier Gamo ◽  
Michael Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
General Stress Response ◽  
General Stress ◽  
Induced Genes

ABSTRACT In response to heat stress, Bacillus subtilisactivates the transcription of well over 100 different genes. Many of these genes are members of a general stress response regulon controlled by the secondary sigma factor, ςB, while others are under control of the HrcA or CtsR heat shock regulators. We have used DNA microarrays to monitor the global transcriptional response to heat shock. We find strong induction of known ςB-dependent genes with a characteristic rapid induction followed by a return to near prestimulus levels. The HrcA and CtsR regulons are also induced, but with somewhat slower kinetics. Analysis of DNA sequences proximal to newly identified heat-induced genes leads us to propose ∼70 additional members of the ςB regulon. We have also identified numerous heat-induced genes that are not members of known heat shock regulons. Notably, we observe very strong induction of arginine biosynthesis and transport operons. Induction of several genes was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. In addition, the transcriptional responses measured by microarray hybridization compare favorably with the numerous previous studies of heat shock in this organism. Since many different conditions elicit both specific and general stress responses, knowledge of the heat-induced general stress response reported here will be helpful for interpreting future microarray studies of other stress responses.

scholarly journals Differentiation of Function among the RsbR Paralogs in the General Stress Response of Bacillus subtilis with Regard to Light Perception

2012 ◽  
Vol 194 (7) ◽  
pp. 1708-1716 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. van der Steen ◽  
M. Avila-Perez ◽  
D. Knippert ◽  
A. Vreugdenhil ◽  
P. van Alphen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Light Perception ◽  
General Stress Response ◽  
General Stress

Heat‐shock and general stress response in Bacillus subtilis

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hecker ◽  
Wolfgang Schumann ◽  
Uwe Völker
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
General Stress Response ◽  
General Stress
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