Brittle fracture in PVC pipe material

2007 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick J. McGarry ◽  
John F. Mandell ◽  
Lidia Hsueh-Lee
Keyword(s):  
Brittle Fracture ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Pvc Pipe

scholarly journals Effects of pipe materials on biofouling under controlled hydrodynamic conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gamri ◽  
A. Soric ◽  
S. Tomas ◽  
B. Molle ◽  
N. Roche
Keyword(s):  
Growth Control ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Hydrodynamic Conditions ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
Pipe Surface ◽  
Biofilm Detachment ◽  
Pvc Pipe ◽  
Pipe Materials

Experiments were carried out to investigate pipe material impacts on biofouling, at high effluent concentration levels and under controlled hydrodynamic conditions. Two velocities (0.4 and 0.8 m s−1) were used to monitor biofilm growth on polyethylene (PE) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipe walls, respectively. These conditions were established based on wastewater irrigation practices. A decrease in biomass is observed after 49 days of experiments for both velocities and may be related to biofilm detachment. Biofilm growth is greater at 0.8 m s−1. For both velocities, PVC is less sensitive to biofilm growth than PE. Pipe straightness plays a primary role in biofilm growth control. This effect is more significant than pipe surface characteristics (roughness, hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties).

scholarly journals Releases of Fire-Derived Contaminants from Water Pipes Made of Polyvinyl Chloride Polymer

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngee-Sing Chong ◽  
Saidi Abdulramoni ◽  
Dwight Patterson ◽  
Heather Brown
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Methylene Chloride ◽  
Allyl Chloride ◽  
Methyl Chloride ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Water Pipes ◽  
Pvc Pipe ◽  
Exposure Risks

In order to assess the human exposure risks from the release of contaminants from water pipes made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), experiments were carried out by subjecting the PVC pipe material to burning and leaching conditions followed by analysis of the emission and leachate samples. The emissions of burning pipes were analyzed by both infrared spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The emission results indicate the presence of chlorinated components including chlorine dioxide, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, allyl chloride, vinyl chloride, ethyl chloride, 1-chlorobutane, tetrachloroethylene, chlorobenzene, and hydrogen chloride were detected in the emissions of burning PVC pipes. Furthermore, the concentrations of benzene, 1,3-butadiene, methyl methacrylate, carbon monoxide, acrolein, and formaldehyde were found at levels capable of affecting human health adversely. The analysis of PVC pipe leachates using GC-MS shows that there are 40-60 tentatively identified compounds, mostly long-chain hydrocarbons such as tetradecane, hexadecane, octadecane, and docosane, were released when the burned PVC materials were soaked in deionized water for one week. Quantitative analysis shows that 2-butoxyethanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and diethyl phthalate were found in the burned PVC polymer at the average levels of 2.7, 14.0, and 3.1 micrograms per gram (g/g) of pipe material. This study has significant implications for understanding the benzene contamination of drinking water in the aftermath of wildfires that burned polymer pipes in California.

scholarly journals Reconstruction and Development of Tourism Potentials in the Fishermen’s District Village of Medan Belawan

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-167
Author(s):  
Wahyuni Zahrah ◽  
Ridho Adjie Pangestu
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Salted Fish ◽  
Cultural Character ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Pvc Pipe ◽  
Tourist Village

Belawan Fishermen Village is a Fisherman Village on the edge of Medan City. The fisherman is the biggest livelihood in this village. A Spatial also has a lot of activities / local wisdom as well as traditions such as traditional rowing racing, drying salted fish and catching fish. The problems of the Villages are from poverty, lack of green open space, dirty and smelly environments, waste everywhere, improper laying of buildings, and inadequate water supply. The structures of buildings and building materials in these villages are also included in the inappropriate category. This design aims to make this village as a tourist village, comfortable to live and visited by tourists, and make a friendly village face with the surrounding environment, and can improve the lives of citizens. Also, it can improve the lives of citizens. Realizing the theme of tourism by taking the potential and cultural character and local wisdom which is then implemented in the form of tourism. There are several aspects of design in this design include the following:In the aspect of this village activity, there are 2 activities that are the daily activities of citizens and tourism activities.In the aspect of this village, the site has two accesses, on land in the form of decks that are 2m wide as well as ocean circulation that is connected directly to the pier deck of residents' homes.In the aspect of the building, the building in this village uses a structure that is resistant to seawater. In addition to being able to withstand vertical and lateral shocks and buffers that with PVC pipe material filled with cement. Utilities make a biofiltration system that treats waste before entering the sea considering the area of the settlement is a conservation area.

scholarly journals Design of low-cost and simple reconstruction method for Three Dimensional Electrical Impedance Tomography (3D-EIT) Imaging

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Endarko Endarko ◽  
Ari Bangkit Sanjaya Umbu
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Electrical Impedance Tomography ◽  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Reconstruction Method ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Impedance Tomography ◽  
Pvc Pipe

Electrical impedance tomography is a non-invasive imaging modality that uses the electrical conductivity distribution to reconstruct images based on potential measurements from the object's surface. The proposed study was to design and fabricate a low-cost and simple reconstruction method for 3D electrical impedance tomography imaging. In this study, we have been successfully developed 3 Dimensional Electrical Impedance Tomography (3D-EIT) system using 16 copper electrodes (Cu) to detect and reconstruct the presence of objects in the Phantom. 3D-EIT was developed using Phantom as a test object with PVC pipe material, with an inner diameter of 7.2 cm and a height of 5.4 cm. Electrodes were arranged in two rings, with each ring having eight electrodes arranged in a planar line. Furthermore, the Gauss-Newton algorithm and Laplace prior regularization were used to image reconstruction of objects inside the Phantom using voltage measurement produced from sequential pairs of neighboring electrodes. The voltage is obtained from the injection of a constant current of 1 mA at 20 kHz into the system's electrode pairs. The objects used in this research are PVC pipe, solid aluminum, PVC pipes filled with wax glue, and copper trusses. The results obtained show that the reconstruction results can provide information about the position, the electrical properties, and the shape of real objects. Finally, the system can detect the location, height, and electrical properties of objects for all variations of angle and height variations.

scholarly journals Experimental Determination of the Discharge Coeffcient Through Circular Orifice in PVC Pipes

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
Anca Hotupan ◽  
Adriana Hadarean
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Discharge Coefficient ◽  
Pipe Wall ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Circular Orifice ◽  
Pvc Pipe ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Supply Systems

AbstractReal water losses derived from water supply systems represent an important topic, nowadays. It is difficult to predict and to calculate the water lost volume, these values being crucial in any water balance. In addition, the leakage flow can be estimated only when the geometric and hydraulic characteristics of the pipes and the period of time associated to the leakage are known. Also, by using the equation of the water flow can be obtained inaccurate values, especially when incorrect values of discharge coefficient are used. The values of the discharge coefficient can vary between 0.6 and 0.85, depending on a multiple aspects, such as the pipe diameter, the orifice size and shape, the pipe material, the orifice position on the pipe wall, the pipe thickness and the hydraulic parameters of the water (flow and pressure). This paper is focused of an experimental study of a leak simulation in a PVC pipe. Thereby, a circular orifice is drilled on PVC pipe wall and the influence of the water flow and pressure on the discharge coefficient (Cd) is analysed. The experimental values obtained for de Cd are 0.59 - 0.86, values that are in accordance with the results from similar studies.

scholarly journals Releases of Fire-Derived Contaminants from Polymer Pipes Made of Polyvinyl Chloride

Toxics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngee Sing Chong ◽  
Saidi Abdulramoni ◽  
Dwight Patterson ◽  
Heather Brown
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Methylene Chloride ◽  
Allyl Chloride ◽  
Methyl Chloride ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Pvc Pipe ◽  
Exposure Risks

In order to assess the human exposure risks from the release of contaminants from water pipes made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), experiments were carried out by subjecting the PVC pipe material to burning and leaching conditions followed by analysis of the emission and leachate samples. The emissions of burning pipes were analyzed by both infrared spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The emission test results indicate the presence of chlorinated components including chlorine dioxide, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, allyl chloride, vinyl chloride, ethyl chloride, 1-chlorobutane, tetrachloroethylene, chlorobenzene, and hydrogen chloride were detected in the emissions of burning PVC pipes. Furthermore, the concentrations of benzene, 1,3-butadiene, methyl methacrylate, carbon monoxide, acrolein, and formaldehyde were found at levels capable of affecting human health adversely. The analysis of PVC pipe leachates using GC-MS shows that there are 40–60 tentatively identified compounds, mostly long-chain hydrocarbons such as tetradecane, hexadecane, octadecane, and docosane, were released when the burned PVC materials were soaked in deionized water for one week. Quantitative analysis shows that 2-butoxyethanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and diethyl phthalate were found in the burned PVC polymer at the average levels of 2.7, 14.0, and 3.1 micrograms per gram (μg/g) of pipe material. This study has significant implications for understanding the benzene contamination of drinking water in the aftermath of wildfires that burned polymer pipes in California.

scholarly journals Analysis of floating house platform stability using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe material

2018 ◽  
Vol 195 ◽  
pp. 02025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aswad Asrasal ◽  
Slamet Imam Wahyudi ◽  
Henny Pratiwi Adi ◽  
Rick Heikoop
Keyword(s):  
Pipe Material ◽  
Adverse Impacts ◽  
Plan Analysis ◽  
Connection System ◽  
Weight Analysis ◽  
Pvc Pipe ◽  
Bolt Connection ◽  
Cost Plan ◽  
Water Catchment ◽  
Connection Cost

The high demand for land to be built on, makes the price of land more expensive. Various efforts were made to get land to build houses on, one of them was by way of coastal reclamation. The pond area initially functioned as a water catchment area, but later became new land through the reclamation process. This will have adverse impacts on the environment such as flooding due to lack of water storage. To overcome the problem of building in the coastal area without reclaiming, is using floating house. A floating house is a building structure that floats on the water surface by leaning to drowned area weight as the weight parameter which the structure could handle. This research is done to analyze the material platform. PVC pipe is used with floating force (Fa) parameter and cost plan analysis. The structure weight analysis total result is 555,887.5 Newton. The floating force of structure platform is 648.792 Newton. The connection system is a bolt connection system that us 3 cm in diameter with an anchor of length 22 cm, and a total of 4 bolts on each connection. Cost plan analysis using PVC pipe costs IDR 379.500.000,00.

Specifying Material Toughness to Avoid Brittle Fracture Initiation in Pipe Fittings and Components

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gery M. Wilkowski ◽  
Do-Jun Shim
Keyword(s):  
Brittle Fracture ◽  
Fracture Initiation ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Charpy Test ◽  
Proof Testing ◽  
Fracture Transition ◽  
Brittle Fractures ◽  
Pipe Fittings ◽  
Shear Area ◽  
Area Percent

Recently, there have been a few failures with brittle fractures occurring during hydrostatic or pneumatic proof testing in pipe fittings that rekindled the need for paying attention on how to specify the toughness for pipe fittings and other components such as valves. This paper shows how an analysis procedure called the “Master Curve of Fracture Transition Temperatures” can be used to specify a Charpy shear area percent at some target temperature so that ductile initiation behavior occurs for either a surface or through-wall cracks in fittings, components or pipe material at the minimum design temperature. Due to differences in thickness, loading rate, and constraint conditions, the Charpy test transition temperature will not be at the same temperature as the minimum design temperature. In addition to the background and summary of prior efforts, several examples of full-scale pipe and fitting/valve fracture tests on different materials will be presented to show that the methodology works well. It is also possible from this method to specify the Charpy shear area percent at some temperature to ensure that brittle fracture propagation will not occur. There are some limits on this methodology for some newer steels that have very high Charpy energy values, and those conditions are also summarized.

Degradation Model for the Tensile Strength of PVC and Rubber Gasket Materials Exposed to Benzene and PCE-Saturated Aqueous Solutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-283
Author(s):  
Payam Hosseini ◽  
Sultan Alhomair ◽  
Zahra Faeli ◽  
Mohammad Pour-Ghaz ◽  
Mohammed Gabr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Penetration Rate ◽  
Strength Degradation ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Degradation Model ◽  
Rubber Gasket ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Pvc Pipe

In this paper, a tensile strength degradation model is developed for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe and three rubber gasket materials commonly used in stormwater drains and wet utilities; the degradation model considers exposure to a single contaminant at its saturation level. The contaminant considered included benzene and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) because of their prevalence. The materials considered are unplasticized Polyvinyl chloride (u-PVC) utilized as the pipe material, and three types of rubber gaskets: Polychloroprene (Neoprene-CR), Acrylonitrile (nitrile) butadiene rubber (Buna-N), and fluoroelastomer rubber (FKM—Grade A VitonTM). First, the degradation rates of these materials are experimentally quantified using accelerated testing; then using the experimental results and Williams–Landel–Ferry (WLF) method a degradation model is developed. Finally, a simplified method is introduced to relate the tensile strength degradation of PVC to the penetration rate of the contaminants.

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