The influence of hydrogen chloride doping level on the complex refractive indices of anisotropic polyaniline film: Application of a new internal reflection waveguide coupling technique

2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (20) ◽  
pp. 2481-2490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Liu ◽  
Robert Samuels
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Doping Level ◽  
Internal Reflection ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Coupling Technique ◽  
Polyaniline Film ◽  
Waveguide Coupling

Electronic Spectra of Carbonium Ions by Internal Reflection Spectroscopy

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grady L. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Aluminum Chloride ◽  
Electronic Spectra ◽  
Methylene Chloride ◽  
Internal Reflection ◽  
Reaction Intermediates ◽  
Reflection Spectroscopy ◽  
Carbonium Ions ◽  
Chloride Catalyst ◽  
Internal Reflection Spectroscopy

Problems are frequently encountered in using conventional transmission spectrophotometry for obtaining the electronic spectra of unstable reaction intermediates such as carbonium ions. Hence, an investigation of the use of internal reflection spectroscopy (IRS) was conducted. A comparison was made of the transmission and internal reflection spectra of triphenyl carbonium and methylbenzenonium ions. The internal reflection technique was also used to obtain the spectrum of organic ions formed by the reaction of ethylbenzene with aluminum chloride and hydrogen chloride. The reaction of ethylbenzene with methylene chloride in the presence of aluminum chloride—hydrogen chloride catalyst was followed by IRS. The results showed that IRS is a valuable technique for investigating certain unstable reaction intermediates.

On the refractive indices and densities of normal and semi-normal aqueous solutions of hydrogen chloride and the chlorides of the alkalis

1899 ◽  
Vol 64 (402-411) ◽  
pp. 308-318 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Chemical Society ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Uniform Temperature ◽  
Different Temperatures

A very large number of observations have been made of the refractive indices and densities of aqueous solutions of inorganic salts and acids: in England, more especially, by Dr. J. H. Gladstone, who in a paper in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1870, gave the values he had obtained for the refractive indices and densities of some 160 salts and acids; and in a series of papers published subsequently in the 'Journal of the Chemical Society,’ has given the results of further observations. Most, however, of these determinations have been made with solutions of different strengths, and at different temperatures, and, therefore, I venture to bring before the Royal Society an account of some observations I have made of the refractive indices and densities of normal and semi-normal aqueous solutions of hydrogen chloride, and the chlorides of the alkalis at a uniform temperature of 18°.

Doping level change of polyaniline film during its electrochemical growth process

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Liu ◽  
Jiaxin Zhang ◽  
Gaoquan Shi ◽  
Feng'en Chen
Keyword(s):  
Doping Level ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Polyaniline Film ◽  
Electrochemical Growth ◽  
Level Change

Refractive Indices of A-plane GaN Thin Films on R-plane Sapphire

2005 ◽  
Vol 892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ailing Cai ◽  
Ian Patrick Wellenius ◽  
Mike Gerhold ◽  
John Muth ◽  
Andrei Osinsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Quantum Wells ◽  
Polarization Effect ◽  
Laser Diodes ◽  
Optoelectronic Device ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Coupling Technique ◽  
Emission Efficiency ◽  
Surface Morphologies

AbstractA-plane GaN grown on r-plane sapphire is a promising material for optoelectronic applications such as laser diodes and LEDs. The absence of a built-in electrostatic field in the nonpolar a-plane GaN-based quantum wells can limit the piezoelectric polarization effect and result in higher emission efficiency. The knowledge of the planar anisotropic nature of nonpolar a-plane GaN is important to understand the growth mechanism of a-plane GaN is fundamental for optoelectronic device design. Two a-plane GaN samples were grown on r-plane sapphire, one being grown on intentionally miscut 4 degrees from r-plane sapphire. The films exhibited different surface morphologies and were characterized using imaging cathodoluminescence and SEM. The ordinary and extraordinary indices of a-plane GaN thin film were obtained using a prism-coupling technique. It was found that one sample the c-axis lay in the plane of the thin film as expected, and in the sample grown on miscut sapphire the c-axis was out of the plane of the film.

Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. I. Modelling cell contact region fluorescence

1990 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-230
Author(s):  
W.M. Reichert ◽  
G.A. Truskey
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Total Internal Reflection ◽  
Matrix Theory ◽  
Contact Region ◽  
Internal Reflection ◽  
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Cell Contact ◽  
Characteristic Matrix

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) is a powerful technique for visualizing focal and close contacts between the cell and the surface. Practical application of TIRF has been hampered by the lack of straightforward methods to calculate separation distances. The characteristic matrix theory of thin dielectric films was used to develop simple exponential approximations for the fluorescence excited in the cell-substratum contact region during a TIRF experiment. Two types of fluorescence were examined: fluorescently labeled cell membranes, and a fluorescent water-soluble dye. By neglecting the refractive index of the cell membrane, the fluorescence excited in the cell membrane was modelled by a single exponential function while the fluorescence in the membrane/substratum water gap followed a weighted sum of two exponentials. The error associated with neglecting the cell membrane for an incident angle of 70 degrees never exceeded 2.5%, regardless of the cell-substratum separation distance. Comparisons of approximated fluorescence intensities to more exact solutions of the fluorescence integrals for the three-phase model indicated that the approximations are accurate to about 1% for membrane/substratum gap thicknesses of less than 50 nm if the cytoplasmic and water gap refractive indices are known. The intrinsic error of this model in the determination of membrane/substratum separations was 10% as long as the uncertainties in the water gap and cytoplasmic refractive indices were less than 1%.

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