Stable individual differences in situation‐behaviour, construct‐behaviour, and goal‐behaviour relations

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem Claeys ◽  
Luc Timmers ◽  
Karen Phalet
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Learning ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Year ◽  
Situational Characteristics ◽  
Cognitive Social Learning ◽  
The One ◽  
Interpersonal Situations ◽  
Practical Implications

This study starts from a cognitive‐social‐learning conceptualization of the contribution of static person by situation interaction to overt behaviour variance. Individual differences in the relation between, on the one hand, situational variation in behaviour and, on the other hand, situational variation in objective situational characteristics, situational variation in construed situational characteristics, and situational variation in goals‐in‐situations were systematically investigated. Thirty‐six first‐year psychology students had to freely generate and briefly describe 20 interpersonal situations that they had encountered during the last year. Afterwards, they had to rate each situation for four basic behavioural continua, eight supplied objective situational characteristics, eight supplied constructs, and eight supplied goals. Correlational analysis revealed many stable individual differences, not only in degree, but also in direction (sign) of situation‐behaviour, construct–behaviour, and goal–behaviour relations. These relational variables could be reduced to seven relational factorial dimensions. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Individual Differences Underlying Punishment Motivation

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 449-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Giacomantonio ◽  
Antonio Pierro
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Zero Tolerance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Need For Closure ◽  
Zero Tolerance Policy ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
General Concern

Two motivations underlying punishment can be distinguished. On the one hand, the retributive motivation prescribes that punishment should be proportional to the moral offense caused. On the other hand, according the utilitarian perspective, punishment should be aimed at protecting society by reducing the likelihood of similar infractions. Previous research did not examine whether individual differences could lead to a preference for one of the two motivations. We propose that high need for closure could be associated with higher utilitarian motivation because of its general concern for group related consequences of violations. In support of our hypothesis, in Study 1 we found that individuals high in need for closure endorsed to a greater extent a zero-tolerance policy rather than a proportional one. Study 2 further showed that closed-minded individuals sought more information related to the utilitarian, rather than the retributive perspective, when judging a violation. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Does study language (Dutch versus English) influence study success of Dutch and German students in the Netherlands?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna F. de Vos ◽  
Herbert Schriefers ◽  
Kristin Lemhöfer
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Study Success ◽  
Language Of Instruction ◽  
Drop Out Rates

Abstract We investigated whether the language of instruction (Dutch or English) influenced the study success of 614 Dutch and German first-year psychology students in the Netherlands. The Dutch students who were instructed in Dutch studied in their native language (L1), the other students in a second language (L2). In addition, only the Dutch students studied in their home country. Both these variables could potentially influence study success, operationalised as the number of European Credits (ECs) the students obtained, their grades, and drop-out rates. The L1 group outperformed the three L2 groups with respect to grades, but there were no significant differences in ECs and drop-out rates (although descriptively, the L1 group still performed best). In conclusion, this study shows an advantage of studying in the L1 when it comes to grades, and thereby contributes to the current debate in the Dutch media regarding the desirability of offering degrees taught in English.

scholarly journals Disproportional Ownership Devices: Reviewing the Last 25 Years of Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Saggese ◽  
Fabrizia Sarto
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Research ◽  
The One ◽  
Lock In ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Scholarly Attention ◽  
Over Time

<p>The paper aims to systematize the literature on disproportional ownership devices by reviewing and classifying 148 articles published in international academic journals over the last 25 years. The findings show that the scholarly attention on disproportional ownership devices has grown over time. Most papers adopt the agency framework and examine the mechanisms for leveraging voting power and to lock-in control, especially in civil law countries. Corporate governance journals prevail as leading outlets, despite the lack of publications specialized on the topic. Finally, the literature systematization highlights a research taxonomy based on outcomes and drivers of disproportional ownership devices. The article has both theoretical and practical implications. First, it develops a literature framework that systematically outlines the main research streams on the topic and identifies under-explored issues so as to guide future scholarly efforts. Second, it highlights the implications of disproportional ownership devices for company outcomes and reporting. Thereby, on the one hand, it supports managers in selecting the appropriate combination of these mechanisms so as to attract and retain investors. On the other hand, it emphasizes the importance of proper policy making interventions to improve transparency, openness and competitiveness of financial markets.</p>

scholarly journals CHAINS OF CONNECTION: RETHINKING THE BOURGEOISIE

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-301
Author(s):  
THEODORE KODITSCHEK
Keyword(s):  
Graduate School ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Year ◽  
Material World ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Since his first year in graduate school, Jerrold Seigel has puzzled over the relationship between modernity and the bourgeoisie. Willing to acknowledge the salience of this class in the making of the modern, he grew increasingly troubled by the failure of every effort to give a clear account of its distinctive historical role. To define the bourgeoisie as simply the group(s) in the middle, “all those who are neither peasants nor workers on the one side, nor aristocrats by birth on the other,” might be empirically accurate, he reasoned, but this provided no analytical insight into the processes of history. The Marxist alternative avoids this vacuity, but only by creating a mythology of the ascendant bourgeoisie—a class that by mere dint of its privileged relation to capital is deemed to be capable of entirely transforming the realms of culture, politics, and the material world. Dissatisfied with these conventional approaches, Seigel introduced a fundamentally new way of thinking in his seminal synthesisModernity and Bourgeois Life, which sought to replace the “traditional nominative formulation [of the bourgeoisie's role] with ones that are more adjectival and historical.” Considering “‘bourgeois’, not in terms of the rise of a class,” he has reconceptualized this term to denote “the emergence and elaboration of a certain ‘form of life’.” It is in connection with this project that Seigel developed the two key concepts that will be considered in this essay, “chains of connection” and “networks of means” (MBL, ix, 6, 25).

scholarly journals Un modello basato sulla teoria dei grafi per l’individuazione di isomorfismi distrettuali geograficamente non prossimi. Il caso dei distretti industriali italiani

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-50
Author(s):  
Stefano De Falco
Keyword(s):  
Graph Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Industrial Districts ◽  
Industrial District ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Practical Implications

A dichotomy often frequent in the context of geographic studies concerns the dualism between propagation and induction models-based phenomena, inherent in variables and factors characterizing contiguous areas, and research relating to homogeneity between geographically not closed areas. In the wake of the latter research, this contribution proposes a model that exploits the potential of graph theory for the evaluation of common dynamics relating to non-contiguous areas. The assumption underlying the model envisages configuring the reality being studied in terms of a network whose nodes and branches are respectively representative of entities distant from each other and of their related affinities. The proposed approach focuses on some Italian industrial districts. The value of the proposed approach is twofold, on the one hand regarding the specific industrial district topic with both scientific and practical implications, and on the other hand it aims to provide a method that can be replicated in similar scenarios in which it is interesting to evaluate the similarity between neighboring areas analytically.

scholarly journals Equalities between h-type Indices and Definitions of Rational h-type Indicators

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Leo Egghe ◽  
Yves Fassin ◽  
Ronald Rousseau
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
H Index ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The One ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract Purpose To show for which publication-citation arrays h-type indices are equal and to reconsider rational h-type indices. Results for these research questions fill some gaps in existing basic knowledge about h-type indices. Design/methodology/approach The results and introduction of new indicators are based on well-known definitions. Findings The research purpose has been reached: answers to the first questions are obtained and new indicators are defined. Research limitations h-type indices do not meet the Bouyssou-Marchant independence requirement. Practical implications On the one hand, more insight has been obtained for well-known indices such as the h- and the g-index and on the other hand, simple extensions of existing indicators have been added to the bibliometric toolbox. Relative rational h-type indices are more useful for individuals than the existing absolute ones. Originality/value Answers to basic questions such as “when are the values of two h-type indices equal” are provided. A new rational h-index is introduced.

scholarly journals Petru Negură, De la o “eliberare” la alta. Scriitorii basarabeni în primul an de putere sovetică (1940-1941): strategii de integrare și forme de încadrare / From a ‘Liberation’ to Another. The Bessarabian Writers During the First Year of Soviet Power (1940-1941): Integration Strategies and Forms of Exclusion

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-89
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
First Year ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
Cultural System ◽  
Jewish Origin ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Integration Strategies ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The One

The dual aim of this article is, on the one hand, to identify Bessarabian writers’ individual and group rationale to stay in the territory occupied by the Soviet authorities after 28 June 1940 and, on the other hand, to analyse the institutional mechanisms set up by the Soviet authorities (namely the Moldovan Writers Union (MWU) and AgitProp) to integrate these writers into the Soviet cultural system. The three groups of Bessarabian writers remaining in the annexed territory (the ‘regionalists’ from Viaţa Basarabiei journal, the writers of Jewish origin and the formerly ‘underground’ (pro-Communist) activists) intersected and overlapped, since the writers’ interests were often multiple. At the same time, the strategies implemented by the Soviet authorities to enrol Bessarabian writers into the Soviet institutional structures followed a binary and apparently contradictory rationale, of inclusion (of candidates deemed suitable for the aspiring status) and exclusion (of those who did not correspond to the criteria of political probity).

Voter Information Processing and Political Decision Making

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Nai
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Selective Exposure ◽  
Political Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electoral Campaigns ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
The One

Contemporary political information processing and the subsequent decision-making mechanisms are suboptimal. Average voters usually have but vague notions of politics and cannot be said to be motivated to invest considerable amount of times to make up their minds about political affairs; furthermore, political information is not only complex and virtually infinite but also often explicitly designed to deceive and persuade by triggering unconscious mechanisms in those exposed to it. In this context, how can voters sample, process, and transform the political information they receive into reliable political choices? Two broad set of dynamics are at play. On the one hand, individual differences determine how information is accessed and processed: different personality traits set incentives (and hurdles) for information processing, the availability of information heuristics and the motivation to treat complex information determine the preference between easy and good decisions, and partisan preferences establish boundaries for information processing and selective exposure. On the other hand, and beyond these individual differences, the content of political information available to citizens drives decision-making: the alleged “declining quality” of news information poses threats for comprehensive and systematic reasoning; excessive negativity in electoral campaigns drives cynicism (but also attention); and the use of emotional appeals increases information processing (anxiety), decreases interest and attention (rage), and strengthens the reliance on individual predispositions (enthusiasm). At the other end of the decisional process, the quality of the choices made (Was the decision supported by “ambivalent” opinions? And to what extent was the decision “correct”?) is equally hard to assess, and fundamental normative questions come into play.

Het Bepalen Van De Moedertaalbeheersing Van Brugklassen In Het Kader Van Een Onderzoek Naar De Effekten Van Luistervaardigheidstraining

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 70-79
Author(s):  
Martina van de Graaf ◽  
Ed Volkerts
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
First Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Year ◽  
Onderzoek Naar ◽  
The One

The achievement of a foreign language in instructional education appears in the presence of an established first language. The purpose of the present study was to determine the level of first language development of Dutch schoolchildren in the first year of three hierarchical secondary schooltypes, M.A.V.O., M.A.V.O./ H.A.V.O., H.A.V.O./V.W.O. respectively. Two tests of a test bat-tery were used. The one assessed the vocabulary and the other the powers of abstraction in the first language. Extensive differences in performance between the different school types were found on both tests.

The Tritone Paradox: Correlate with the Listener's Vocal Range for Speech

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Deutsch ◽  
Tom North ◽  
Lee Ray
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spectral Envelope ◽  
Pitch Class ◽  
Fundamental Frequencies ◽  
Speech Characteristics ◽  
Orderly Fashion ◽  
Tritone Paradox ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

In the tritone paradox, two tones are presented that are related by a halfoctave. Each tone consists of a set of octave-related sinusoids whose amplitudes are scaled by a bell-shaped spectral envelope; thus the usual cues to height attribution are missing. When listeners judge whether such tone pairs form ascending or descending patterns, judgments are related in an orderly fashion to the positions of the tones along the pitch class circle: Tones in one region of the circle are heard as higher and those in the opposite region as lower. However, listeners differ strikingly in the orientation of the pitch-class circle with respect to height. So far, the basis of the tritone paradox and the reasons for the individual differences in its manifestation have proved elusive. In the present study, a correlation is found between perception of the tritone paradox and the range of fundamental frequencies of the listener's speaking voice. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a close connection between the perception of a musical pattern on the one hand and the listener's speech characteristics on the other.

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