Temperament and Attentional Bias in Vocal Emotional Stroop Tasks

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Paelecke ◽  
Yvonne Paelecke–Habermann ◽  
Peter Borkenau
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
Task Switch ◽  
Vocal Response ◽  
Emotional Stroop ◽  
Affective Quality ◽  
Stroop Tasks

Human information processing is influenced by the affective quality of pleasant and unpleasant stimuli. A widely known example is the emotional variant of the colour–naming Stroop task. Although participants are not instructed to attend to valence, it nevertheless influences response times. We studied how persons differ in ignoring the irrelevant valence of stimuli and how such differences are related to personality traits. In two emotional Stroop tasks using a vocal response mode, participants were instructed to name the colour of unpleasant and pleasant words presented in different physical colours. In Study 2, we introduced a second task to increase the cognitive load. Across both studies, extraversion and approach temperament were associated with higher interferences by pleasant words. Neuroticism and avoidance temperament, however, were associated with higher interferences by unpleasant words only when cognitive load increased because of a task switch. This finding suggests that highly neurotic individuals can mitigate influences of emotional stimuli on information processing under conditions of low cognitive load. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Forced Guidance and Distribution of Practice in Sequential Information Processing

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry R. Decker ◽  
Cecil A. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Psychological Refractory Period ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
Load Reduction ◽  
Sequential Information ◽  
Selection Stage ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

Distribution of practice and forced guidance were used in a sequential information-processing task in an attempt to increase the capacity of human information-processing mechanisms. A reaction time index of the psychological refractory period was used as the response measure. Massing of practice lengthened response times while forced guidance shortened them. Interpretation was in terms of load reduction upon the response-selection stage of the information-processing system.

Relationship Between Performance Error and Human Information Processing

2008 ◽  
pp. 1161-1167
Author(s):  
Mitsuhiko Karashima
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
View Point ◽  
Memory Errors ◽  
Temporary Reduction ◽  
Performance Error ◽  
Error Generation ◽  
The Relationship

Human information processing (HIP) performance using the working memory can be assessed by two types of indicator when an HIP task is carried out. One is error occurrence and the other is HIP time taken when the HIP task is carried out using the working memory. Errors are classified into the error which is caused by the task requirement exceeding some human’s limitation or the error which is caused by carelessness even though all of human’s limitations still allow enough capacity to do the task (Reason, 1990). The former is regarded as an error that is caused by the lack of the HIP ability in order to do the required information processing. The latter is regarded as an error that is caused by the temporary reduction of some HIP ability such as attention. Even though there are many kinds of factors of error generation, from the view point of HIP, error can be considered to be caused by the relationship between the required quantity or quality of the information processing and the HIP ability. The characteristics of HIP can be considered to influence error generation directly. In this chapter the characteristics of HIP related to the error are illustrated with the results of the experiments. (Karashima, Okamura & Saito, 1994, Karashima & Saito, 2001)

Information transformation: Some missing links

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-172
Author(s):  
Ivan P. Vaghely ◽  
Pierre-André Julien ◽  
André Cyr
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Knowledge Creation ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
Process Information ◽  
Information Transformation ◽  
Efficient Information

Using grounded theory along with participant observation and interviews the authors explore how individuals in organizations process information. They build a model of human information processing which links the cognitivist-constructionist perspective to an algorithmic-heuristic continuum. They test this model using non-parametric procedures and find interesting results showing links to efficient information processing outcomes such as contributions to decision-making, knowledge-creation and innovation. They also identify some elements of best practice by efficient human information processing individuals whom they call the “information catalysts”.

scholarly journals Learning As It Happens: A Decade of Analyzing and Shaping a Large-Scale Online Learning System

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu J. S. Brinkhuis ◽  
Alexander O. Savi ◽  
Abe D. Hofman ◽  
Frederik Coomans ◽  
Han L. J. Van der Maas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Learning Gains ◽  
Online Experimentation ◽  
Quality Of Fit ◽  
Item Reliability ◽  
Made In

With the advent of computers in education, and the ample availability of online learning and practice environments, enormous amounts of data on learning become available. The purpose of this paper is to present a decade of experience with analyzing and improving an online practice environment for math, which has thus far recorded over a billion responses. We present the methods we use to both steer and analyze this system in real-time, using scoring rules on accuracy and response times, a tailored rating system to provide both learners and items with current ability and difficulty ratings, and an adaptive engine that matches learners to items. Moreover, we explore the quality of fit by means of prediction accuracy and parallel item reliability. Limitations and pitfalls are discussed by diagnosing sources of misfit, like violations of unidimensionality and unforeseen dynamics. Finally, directions for development are discussed, including embedded learning analytics and a focus on online experimentation to evaluate both the system itself and the users’ learning gains. Though many challenges remain open, we believe that large steps have been made in providing methods to efficiently manage and research educational big data from a massive online learning system.

Current Task Activation Predicts General Effects of Advance Preparation in Task Switching

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edita Poljac ◽  
Ab de Haan ◽  
Gerard P. van Galen
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Shape Matching ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Task Switch ◽  
Current Task ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
And Task

Two experiments investigated the way that beforehand preparation influences general task execution in reaction-time matching tasks. Response times (RTs) and error rates were measured for switching and nonswitching conditions in a color- and shape-matching task. The task blocks could repeat (task repetition) or alternate (task switch), and the preparation interval (PI) was manipulated within-subjects (Experiment 1) and between-subjects (Experiment 2). The study illustrated a comparable general task performance after a long PI for both experiments, within and between PI manipulations. After a short PI, however, the general task performance increased significantly for the between-subjects manipulation of the PI. Furthermore, both experiments demonstrated an analogous preparation effect for both task switching and task repetitions. Next, a consistent switch cost throughout the whole run of trials and a within-run slowing effect were observed in both experiments. Altogether, the present study implies that the effects of the advance preparation go beyond the first trials and confirms different points of the activation approach ( Altmann, 2002) to task switching.

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