Estimation of time-dependent rate ratios in case-control studies: comparison of two approaches for exposure assessment

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 304-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geneviève Lefebvre ◽  
Jean-François Angers ◽  
Lucie Blais
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Dependent Rate ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Estimation Of Time

scholarly journals O2E.4 Evaluation of exposure assessment methods in epidemiological studies: the welding example

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A21.1-A21
Author(s):  
Susan Peters ◽  
Jerome Lavoue ◽  
Marissa Baker ◽  
Hans Kromhout
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Welding Fumes ◽  
Welding Fume ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Eye Burns

Exposure assessment quality is a fundamental consideration in the design and evaluation of observational studies. High quality exposure assessment is particularly relevant for outcomes with long latency, such as cancer, where detailed information on past exposures are often missing and must therefore be estimated.For the IARC Monograph on welding, the exposure group provided an overview of assessment methods used in the key epidemiological studies. Strengths and weaknesses of each study were assessed, along with their potential effects on interpretation of risk estimates.For the association between lung cancer and welding fume exposure, 9 cohort and 10 case-control studies were reviewed. For ocular melanoma and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from welding, 7 case-control studies were reviewed. Quality criteria were: full occupational histories, and standardized, blinded and quantitative exposure assessment. Additional criteria for lung cancer: specifically assessing welding fumes and using information on welding tasks. For ocular melanoma: assessing artificial and solar radiation separately, taking into account eye burns, eye protection and welding type.Exposure assessment of welding fumes by applying a ‘welding-exposure matrix’ (n=2) or welding-specific questionnaires (n=3) were considered highest quality, followed by case-by-case expert assessment (n=5) or general job-exposure matrices (JEMs, n=4). Job title alone was considered less informative (n=5). For exposure to UVR, JEMs were most informative (n=2), followed by self-reported eye burns and self-reported exposure from specific welding types (n=2), although caution is advised regarding recall bias. Assessing welding fume exposure or ever exposure to welding arcs as proxy for UVR was considered less informative. For both exposures, ever versus never welder, or assessments based on data collected from proxies, were considered least informative.The overall evaluation was that there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of welding fumes and ultraviolet radiation from welding.

scholarly journals Do Case-Control Studies Always Estimate Odds Ratios?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy A Labrecque ◽  
Myriam M G Hunink ◽  
M Arfan Ikram ◽  
M Kamran Ikram
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Incidence Density ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Case-control studies are an important part of the epidemiologic literature, yet confusion remains about how to interpret estimates from different case-control study designs. We demonstrate that not all case-control study designs estimate odds ratios. On the contrary, case-control studies in the literature often report odds ratios as their main parameter even when using designs that do not estimate odds ratios. Only studies using specific case-control designs should report odds ratios, whereas the case-cohort and incidence-density sampled case-control studies must report risk ratio and incidence rate ratios, respectively. This also applies to case-control studies conducted in open cohorts, which often estimate incidence rate ratios. We also demonstrate the misinterpretation of case-control study estimates in a small sample of highly cited case-control studies in general epidemiologic and medical journals. We therefore suggest that greater care be taken when considering which parameter is to be reported from a case-control study.

Correction of odds ratios in case-control studies for exposure misclassification with partial knowledge of the degree of agreement among experts who assessed exposures

2017 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Burstyn ◽  
Paul Gustafson ◽  
Javier Pintos ◽  
Jérôme Lavoué ◽  
Jack Siemiatycki
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Interrater Reliability ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Point Estimate ◽  
Exposure Misclassification ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Distribution Centre

ObjectivesEstimates of association between exposures and diseases are often distorted by error in exposure classification. When the validity of exposure assessment is known, this can be used to adjust these estimates. When exposure is assessed by experts, even if validity is not known, we sometimes have information about interrater reliability. We present a Bayesian method for translating the knowledge of interrater reliability, which is often available, into knowledge about validity, which is often needed but not directly available, and applying this to correct odds ratios (OR).MethodsThe method allows for inclusion of observed potential confounders in the analysis, as is common in regression-based control for confounding. Our method uses a novel type of prior on sensitivity and specificity. The approach is illustrated with data from a case-control study of lung cancer risk and occupational exposure to diesel engine emissions, in which exposure assessment was made by detailed job history interviews with study subjects followed by expert judgement.ResultsUsing interrater agreement measured by kappas (κ), we estimate sensitivity and specificity of exposure assessment and derive misclassification-corrected confounder-adjusted OR. Misclassification-corrected and confounder-adjusted OR obtained with the most defensible prior had a posterior distribution centre of 1.6 with 95% credible interval (Crl) 1.1 to 2.6. This was on average greater in magnitude than frequentist point estimate of 1.3 (95% Crl 1.0 to 1.7).ConclusionsThe method yields insights into the degree of exposure misclassification and appears to reduce attenuation bias due to misclassification of exposure while the estimated uncertainty increased.

Smoking is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis: a metanalysis

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 610-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.H. Hawkes
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Indirect Association ◽  
Rate Ratios

Several case control studies have probed a link between cigarette smoking and subsequent multiple sclerosis (MS). Data collection and statistical methods have varied, and frequently, case numbers have been small. Publications relating to MS and smoking are reviewed and combined where comparable methods have been used. Metanalysis of six informative studies show significantly elevated odds or rate ratios, ranging from 1.22 to 1.51, depending on the method of analysis, confirming that the risk of MS is increased for those who smoke prior to disease onset, as measured by commencement of symptoms. A variety of direct causative mechanisms are discussed, but an indirect association through health adverse conduct is favoured. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 610-615. http://msj.sagepub.com

Modelling of occupational respirable crystalline silica exposure for quantitative exposure assessment in community-based case-control studies

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 3262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Peters ◽  
Roel Vermeulen ◽  
Lützen Portengen ◽  
Ann Olsson ◽  
Benjamin Kendzia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Crystalline Silica ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Silica Exposure
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