scholarly journals Insights for reducing the consumption of wildlife: The use of bear bile and gallbladder in Cambodia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 950-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Oneita Davis ◽  
Diogo Veríssimo ◽  
Brian Crudge ◽  
Thona Lim ◽  
Vichet Roth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bear Bile

scholarly journals China's Legal Response to Trafficking in Wild Animals: The Relationship between International Treaties and Chinese Law

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 408-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiwen Chang
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Wild Animal ◽  
Food Culture ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Ecological Civilization ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Wild Fauna ◽  
The Government ◽  
Bear Bile

In China, the wild animals and animal products that are sold through illegal trafficking are mainly those that can be made into medicines; are raw materials in the form of ivory, rhinoceros horns, and turtle shells; and are edible or have ornamental value, such as birds, monkeys, turtles, and lizards. Due to its rapid economic development over the past decade, China has become one of the world's largest wildlife markets. The main reasons for trafficking are a lack of viable substitutes for raw materials used in traditional Chinese medicines (e.g., bear bile, bear bile powder, pangolin, and other products); a preference in traditional food culture for delicacies made from wildlife; and of the private consumption by some rich and corrupt government officials of tiger's meat, bear's paw, pangolin and other wild animal products—bear's paw and pangolin being the most popular. This type of wild animal trafficking endangers the safety of animal species protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), and damages the international image of the government and people of China. Since 2013, under the frame of construction of ecological civilization, China has taken stricter measures on legislation, administrative enforcement, judicial adjudication, and international cooperation on prevention and punishment of illegal trafficking.

scholarly journals Social Net Work Analysis of gifting bear bile in Viet Nam

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho Ha My ◽  
Elizabeth Davis ◽  
Jenny Anne Glikman
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Work Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Network Influence ◽  
Loss Of Diversity ◽  
Bear Bile

The illegal wildlife trade is the major cause for global loss of diversity. In Southeast Asia regions and particularly in Vietnam, the consumption of wildlife products is mostly driven by the demand for food and traditional medicinal products. However, consumers’ motivations are poorly understood. In this study, we use mixed social science approaches and social network analysis to understand the social network influence on the consumption of bear bile through gift-giving practices in Hanoi and Nghe An. The study also provides a deeper understanding of how bear bile is consumed as gifts and the current information on bear bile usage. We found that 97.5% of all interviewees have given or received bear bile and the most common occasion for gift-giving is during visits between closed social circles of family and friends. Other reasons for giving bear bile include illnesses, gratitude, drinking among males, and ulterior motives.

Studies on Bile Acids in Bear Bile*

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko KUROZUMI ◽  
Teruo HARANO ◽  
Kazumi YAMASAKI ◽  
Yoshikazu AYAKI
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Bear Bile

Identification and quantitation of bile acids in bear bile by HPLC

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.-L. Lin ◽  
H.-C. Chang ◽  
C.-Y. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Bear Bile

scholarly journals Protective Effects of Nutria Bile against Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Injury in Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joo-Yeon Kong ◽  
Seong-Chan Yeon ◽  
Hu Jang Lee ◽  
Changkeun Kang ◽  
Jin-Kyu Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Injury ◽  
Hepatic Function ◽  
Alien Invasive Species ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Marker Protein ◽  
Hepatic Inflammation ◽  
Myocastor Coypus ◽  
Liver Injuries ◽  
Hepatoprotective Effects ◽  
Bear Bile

Several eradication programs have been developed and executed to curb alien invasive species that tend to damage the ecological environments they colonize; however, only few studies have evaluated the utilization of carcasses of these species after eradication. Nutria (Myocastor coypus) is an invasive rodent species targeted by eradication programs in many countries. We noted that nutria produce large amounts of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in their bile. UDCA is a unique component responsible for the anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects exerted by bear bile. Therefore, we sought to examine the medicinal utility of nutria carcasses by investigating the hepatoprotective effect of their bile in mice. C57BL/6 mice were injected with thioacetamide (TAA), which induced liver damage by increasing Kupffer cell infiltration. Administration of nutria bile reduced hepatic inflammation, improved hepatic function, and increased the levels of senescence marker protein 30 (an indicator of hepatocyte viability). Our results show that nutria bile exerts protective effects against TAA-induced liver injury in mice, suggesting that nutria carcasses may be used for the treatment of liver injuries.

scholarly journals Bear bile use at the intersection of maternal health in Cambodia

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Oneita Davis ◽  
Mhairi Gibson ◽  
Thona Lim ◽  
Jenny Anne Glikman
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Health ◽  
Bear Bile

Rapid chemical analysis of bear bile: 5 minute separation and quantitation of bile acids using UHPLC–qTOF-MS

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 596-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Qiao ◽  
Wei Song ◽  
Xiong-hao Lin ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Tao Bo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Bear Bile

scholarly journals Nominative technique, a simple tool for assessing illegal wildlife consumption

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Davis ◽  
Brian Crudge ◽  
Jenny Anne Glikman
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
The Social ◽  
Levels Of Use ◽  
Bear Bile ◽  
Collection Methods

To test the efficacy of nominative technique within a small sample, we performed a total of 179 semi-structured interviews in Luang Prabang, northern Laos, in August 2017 and April 2019, using the domestic consumption of bears in northern Lao People’s Democratic Republic (hereafter Laos) as our case study. We also assessed whether the specialised questioning technique of nominative technique could be used within qualitative data collection methods, such as semi-structured interviews. The technique theoretically ensures more accurate statements of illegal wildlife consumption behaviour, by maintaining the anonymity of an individual’s sensitive behaviour through asking about the behaviour of peers. We also directly asked about participants’ use of bear bile. Nominative technique showed that approximately 11% of the participants’ peers used bear products, with respondents’ direct admittance of using bear bile was nearly double, at 23%. Use of bear parts appears to not be sensitive in northern Laos. In addition, a strong association was found between nominative technique and direct questioning responses, which indicates that users of bear parts have social networks with higher levels of use. This lends supports to theories that use of wildlife products is directly influenced by the social group. The underreporting found through nominative technique indicates the high variability of response that can occur within small samples; however, these results show that nominative technique may be a simple, useful tool for triangulating data, assessing users’ integration into social networks of use, and assessing changes in behaviour prevalence.

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