scholarly journals Sugars and adiposity: the long‐term effects of consuming added and naturally occurring sugars in foods and in beverages

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Lee ◽  
R. Chowdhury ◽  
J. A. Welsh
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Long-term effects of naturally occurring within-litter differences in body weight of rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 779-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marijana Peruzović ◽  
Justin M. Joffe ◽  
Karmela Milković
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Long-term effects of an insecticide on a stored-wheat ecosystem

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2558-2569 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. G. White ◽  
R. N. Sinha ◽  
J. T. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Stored Wheat ◽  
The Third ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Grain Bulk ◽  
The Impact

Two granaries near Winnipeg, each containing 141 of dry wheat, were filled in September 1982 and the impact of a contact insecticide on the ecosystem was determined monthly for 27 months. The wheat in one granary was treated with malathion prior to storage and the wheat in the other was left untreated. Variables monitored throughout each bulk included: introduced insect and naturally occurring mite numbers, seed germination, seed-borne mycoflora, insecticide residue levels, and seed temperature and moisture. There were significant differences (P < 0.01) in most variables within granaries between samples from the top of the grain bulk and 1-m depth. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated significantly more (P < 0.01) arthropods and more seed infection by the fungus Penicillium in the control granary. Principal component analysis of data from each granary on each sampling date indicated the first components, which accounted for most of the variation in the systems, mainly involved temperature, moisture, fungi, and insecticide (when present); the second components involved fungi; and the third components involved fungi and arthropods, even in the treated ecosystem. The presence of a contact insecticide in a stored-wheat ecosystem had significant effects on the faunal community and definite but less conspicuous effects on the mycofloral community.

scholarly journals Social Nesting, Animal Welfare and Disease Monitoring

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Giménez-Llort ◽  
Virginia Torres-Lista
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Social Deficits ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Maximum Score ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Sensorial Stimulation ◽  
Short Time

The assessment of welfare and disease progression in animal models is critical. Most tools rely on evaluating individual subjects, whereas social behaviors, also sensitive to acute illness, chronic diseases, or mental health, are scarcely monitored because of their complexity, are invasive, and time-consuming. We propose the evaluation of social nesting, a species-typical behavior naturally occurring in standard housing conditions, for such behavioral monitoring. We provide an example of its use to evaluate social deficits and the long-term effects of neonatal sensorial stimulation in male and female adult 3xTg-AD mice for Alzheimer's disease compared to sex- and age-matched NTg counterparts with normal aging. Social nesting was sensitive to genotype (worse in 3xTg-AD mice), sex (worse in males), profile, and treatment (distinct temporal patterns, time to observe the maximum score and incidence of the perfect nest). Since social nesting can be easily included in housing routines, this neuroethological approach can be useful for animal's welfare, monitoring the disease's progress, and evaluating potential risk factors and effects of preventive/therapeutical strategies. Finally, the non-invasive, painless, simple, short time and low-cost features of this home-cage monitoring are advantages that make social nesting feasible to be successfully implemented in most animal department settings.

Field Experiments on Social Conflict

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Pruitt
Keyword(s):  
Observational Studies ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
Observational Methods ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Strength Of Association

AbstractField experiments, in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables in a naturally occurring setting, have sometimes been used in studies of social conflict and should probably be used more often. They are more useful than observational studies for assessing the impact of novel conditions, establishing cause and effect, and reducing confounding. And they are more useful than laboratory experiments for examining long-term effects and those that involve strong passions, and for establishing external validity. However field experiments also have their limitations. Some variables cannot be practically or ethically manipulated and require the use of observational methods, which are also more useful for looking at the relationships among a large number of variables and for estimating the strength of association between variables. Furthermore, laboratory experiments allow more control of conditions and greater flexibility in designing manipulations. What this suggests is that all three methods have their value.

scholarly journals Social Nesting, Animal Welfare, and Disease Monitoring

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1079
Author(s):  
Lydia Giménez-Llort ◽  
Virginia Torres-Lista
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Social Deficits ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Maximum Score ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Sensorial Stimulation ◽  
Short Time

The assessment of welfare and disease progression in animal models is critical. Most tools rely on evaluating individual subjects, whereas social behaviors, also sensitive to acute illness, chronic diseases, or mental health, are scarcely monitored because they are complex and time-consuming. We propose the evaluation of social nesting, a species-typical behavior naturally occurring in standard housing conditions, for such behavioral monitoring. We provide an example of its use to evaluate social deficits and the long-term effects of neonatal tactile-proprioceptive sensorial stimulation from postnatal day 1 to 21, in male and female adult 3xTg-AD mice for Alzheimer’s disease compared to sex- and age-matched non-transgenic (NTg) counterparts with normal aging. Social nesting was sensitive to genotype (worse in 3xTg-AD mice), sex (worse in males), profile, and treatment (distinct time to observe the maximum score and incidence of the perfect nest). Since social nesting can be easily included in housing routines, this neuroethological approach can be useful for animal welfare, monitoring the disease’s progress, and evaluating potential risk factors and effects of preventive/therapeutical strategies. Finally, the noninvasive, painless, simple, short time, and low-cost features of this home-cage monitoring are advantages that make social nesting feasible to be successfully implemented in most animal department settings.

Ovarian Dysfunction in Fetally Irradiated Beagles

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 658-659
Author(s):  
T. M. Seed ◽  
M. H. Sanderson ◽  
D. L. Gutzeit ◽  
T. E. Fritz ◽  
D. V. Tolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ovarian Dysfunction ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Ovarian Pathology ◽  
Normal Offspring

The developing mammalian fetus is thought to be highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. However, dose, dose-rate relationships are not well established, especially the long term effects of protracted, low-dose exposure. A previous report (1) has indicated that bred beagle bitches exposed to daily doses of 5 to 35 R 60Co gamma rays throughout gestation can produce viable, seemingly normal offspring. Puppies irradiated in utero are distinguishable from controls only by their smaller size, dental abnormalities, and, in adulthood, by their inability to bear young.We report here our preliminary microscopic evaluation of ovarian pathology in young pups continuously irradiated throughout gestation at daily (22 h/day) dose rates of either 0.4, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 R/day of gamma rays from an attenuated 60Co source. Pups from non-irradiated bitches served as controls. Experimental animals were evaluated clinically and hematologically (control + 5.0 R/day pups) at regular intervals.

Ultrastructural investigations of MDL 19,660-induced effects on the canine platelet and megakaryocyte

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
D.E. Loudy ◽  
J. Sprinkle-Cavallo ◽  
J.T. Yarrington ◽  
F.Y. Thompson ◽  
J.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Internal Architecture

Previous short term toxicological studies of one to two weeks duration have demonstrated that MDL 19,660 (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl-3Hl, 2,4-triazole-3-thione), an antidepressant drug, causes a dose-related thrombocytopenia in dogs. Platelet counts started to decline after two days of dosing with 30 mg/kg/day and continued to decrease to their lowest levels by 5-7 days. The loss in platelets was primarily of the small discoid subpopulation. In vitro studies have also indicated that MDL 19,660: does not spontaneously aggregate canine platelets and has moderate antiaggregating properties by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation. The objectives of the present investigation of MDL 19,660 were to evaluate ultrastructurally long term effects on platelet internal architecture and changes in subpopulations of platelets and megakaryocytes.Nine male and nine female beagle dogs were divided equally into three groups and were administered orally 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day of MDL 19,660 for three months. Compared to a control platelet range of 353,000- 452,000/μl, a doserelated thrombocytopenia reached a maximum severity of an average of 135,000/μl for the 15 mg/kg/day dogs after two weeks and 81,000/μl for the 30 mg/kg/day dogs after one week.

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