When does a royalty clause with a guarantee lead to a no-equilibrium situation in a licensing contract?

2011 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Buratto
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Situation

OH Emission from Protostars

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 336-337
Author(s):  
I. D. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Large Body ◽  
Class I ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Equilibrium Situation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Maser Action ◽  
Non Equilibrium

There is a large body of evidence to suggest that the anomalous OH emission sources—particularly those which are classified as class I sources—are associated with protostars. It is also known, from the theories brought forward over the past four years, that maser action can be caused by quite a variety of non-equilibrium situations. It is argued here that one particular kind of non-equilibrium situation which can plausibly be expected to exist in protostars is very similar to that proposed previously in the electron-pumping model, and that, in this new context, it can mimic most of the observed features of class I sources.

scholarly journals Transient fields produced by a cylindrical electron beam flowing through a plasma

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-507
Author(s):  
Marie-Christine Firpo
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Laplace Transform ◽  
Control Parameter ◽  
Bessel Functions ◽  
Skin Depth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Beam Radius ◽  
Equilibrium Situation ◽  
Detailed Computation

AbstractThe out-of-equilibrium situation in which an initially sharp-edged cylindrical electron beam, that could, e.g., model electrons flowing within a wire, is injected into a plasma is considered. A detailed computation of the subsequently produced magnetic field is presented. The control parameter of the problem is shown to be the ratio of the beam radius to the electron skin depth. Two alternative ways to address analytically the problem are considered: one uses the usual Laplace transform approach, the other one involves Riemann's method in which causality conditions manifest through some integrals of triple products of Bessel functions.

The Sparta Game

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josiah Ober ◽  
Barry R. Weingast
Keyword(s):  
Ruling Class ◽  
Equilibrium Situation ◽  
Ruling Elites ◽  
Degree Of Stability ◽  
The Stability ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Proportionality Principle ◽  
Do So ◽  
A Share

In this chapter, Ober and Weingast find the roots of some of the most unusual features of Archaic/Classical-era Sparta in the “proportionality principle.” That principle holds that the stability of a regime in which ruling elites extract revenues from nonelites through violence (or its threat) requires that each elite receive a share of rents proportionate to his potential to employ disruptive violence. When proportionality is respected, no one with the power to disrupt society has an incentive to do so. This equilibrium situation helps explain the high degree of stability in Sparta’s sociopolitical system, but it also held the seeds of Sparta’s demise. Proportionality meant that rents could not be redistributed in ways that would have been more economically productive, and the Spartans’ failure to redistribute rents led to the regular demotion of the least successful Spartiates from the ruling class and hence to demographic and military collapse.

Metastable Percolation Phase Formation in Lif Implanted with Alkali Ions

1981 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Davenas ◽  
P. Thevenard ◽  
C. Dupuy
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Optical Absorption ◽  
Phase Formation ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
External Perturbation ◽  
Metallic Layer ◽  
Alkali Ions ◽  
Conducting State ◽  
Equilibrium Situation

ABSTRACTThe formation of a continuous metallic layer in the doped region of LiF crystals implanted at low temperature, has been explained by the formation of bridges between next neighbouring alkali ions of the lattice around-each implanted ion. For a critical concentration of implanted ions it is possible to show using statistical arguments that conducting chains are formed by the union of these links, according to a percolation mechanism. We show that the assumption of a distribution of isolated implanted ions at low temperature is justified by the observation of their precipitation when the crystal is warmed up to room temperature. The transformation of the metallic optical absorption into the colloidal band associated with precipitates of implanted ions is correlated with the transition from a conducting state to an insulating state of the implanted layer. We show that this evolution towards an equilibrium situation may be reversed by a reirradiation, which is used as an external perturbation and that the conducting state associated with dispersed implanted ions is then once again obtained.

scholarly journals Les mutations de notre économie-monde : Des révolutions sans miracles

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Paquet
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Equilibrium Situation ◽  
The World

This paper attempts to put the present mutation of the world economy in historical perspective. It uses a meso-analytical framework to examine the economic transformation we are experiencing. The main force at work, it is claimed, is a progressive dematerialization of economic activity which has triggered a reorganization of the world economy as instituted process. The extent to which a new international industrial order is in the making is examined together with the forces at work to transform the present conflictive equilibrium situation into a situation of creative disequilibrium.

scholarly journals A differential game of N persons in which there is Pareto equilibrium of objections and counterobjections and no Nash equilibrium

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 104-127
Author(s):  
V.I. Zhukovskii ◽  
Yu.S. Mukhina ◽  
V.E. Romanova
Keyword(s):  
Nash Equilibrium ◽  
Differential Games ◽  
Explicit Form ◽  
Differential Game ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Equilibrium Situation ◽  
Pareto Equilibrium ◽  
Noncooperative Differential Games

A linear-quadratic positional differential game of N persons is considered. The solution of a game in the form of Nash equilibrium has become widespread in the theory of noncooperative differential games. However, Nash equilibrium can be internally and externally unstable, which is a negative in its practical use. The consequences of such instability could be avoided by using Pareto maximality in a Nash equilibrium situation. But such a coincidence is rather an exotic phenomenon (at least we are aware of only three cases of such coincidence). For this reason, it is proposed to consider the equilibrium of objections and counterobjections. This article establishes the coefficient criteria under which in a differential positional linear-quadratic game of N persons there is Pareto equilibrium of objections and counterobjections and at the same time no Nash equilibrium situation; an explicit form of the solution of the game is obtained.

scholarly journals Control parameters for electrochemically relevant materials: the significance of size and complexity

2014 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 17-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Phase Distribution ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Complex Situation ◽  
Equilibrium Situation ◽  
Number Ratio ◽  
Electrochemical Storage ◽  
Storage Properties

This contribution is concerned with the control parameters for arriving at defined, electrochemically relevant materials. The treatment is precise as far as the equilibrium situation of simple crystals is concerned, but becomes more and more qualitative if the distance from equilibrium or the (structural or compositional) complexity increases. It proves useful to distinguish between in situ parameters and ex situ parameters, the number ratio of which decreases with increasing distance from equilibrium. A particularly complex situation is met if not only size, shape and phase distribution are important, but even morphological details are of relevance, as it is the case for modern battery electrodes (“electrochemical integrated circuits”). For such cases archetypical examples along with their advantages or disadvantages for electrochemical storage properties are discussed. In this context, special emphasis is placed upon the dimensionality and distribution topology of building elements.

Improving the steady-state coherence and entanglement of two coupled qubits via composite system-reservoir interactions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ming Li ◽  
Zhong-Xiao Man ◽  
Yun-Jie Xia
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Linear Combination ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Composite System ◽  
Equilibrium Situation ◽  
Coupled Qubits ◽  
Non Equilibrium

Abstract In this work, we study the improvement of steady-state coherence (SSC) and steady-state entanglement (SSE) of two coupled qubits by means of composite system-reservoir interaction constructed by a linear combination of orthogonal and parallel ones. We show that in the non-equilibrium case, the SSC and SSE can be significantly enhanced by increasing the parallel components of the interaction Hamiltonian between the system of interest and the heat reservoirs. In addition, we find that in the non-equilibrium case, increasing the parallel components can enlarge the temperature (temperature difference) region where the SSC can maintain nonzero values. In the equilibrium situation, however, the SSC and SSE are not affected by the parallel components of the composite system-reservoir interactions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document