Social Stratification during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty of China (771‐476 BCE) –Mortuary and Stable Isotopic Analyses of the Shangshihe Cemetery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yawei Zhou ◽  
Rongyu Fu ◽  
Lichao Zheng ◽  
Fei Yan ◽  
Qian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Isotopic Analyses ◽  
Stable Isotopic ◽  
Zhou Dynasty ◽  
Eastern Zhou Dynasty ◽  
Eastern Zhou

試論《東周列國志》對周桓王之形塑及評騭

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (0) ◽  
pp. 023-038
Author(s):  
張素貞 張素貞
Keyword(s):  
International Order ◽  
Royal Family ◽  
Historical Romance ◽  
Zhou Dynasty ◽  
Eastern Zhou Dynasty ◽  
Eastern Zhou

<p>孔子主張「禮樂征伐自天子出」，但周桓王因與鄭莊公交惡，不滿周王室二任天子面對鄭莊公總是處於劣勢。桓王即位後先是與鄭國交惡情況已無力迴轉。周桓王聯軍攻鄭，卻敗於繻葛，桓王本人更於此役受射箭中傷。鄭卻壓倒性的戰勝周室的聯軍，導致周天子顏面盡失，王朝秩序亦蕩然無存，「尊王」的時代一去不復返。「禮」是周朝立國之基礎，凡事都堅持按禮樂制度辦事，為西周之周公所制定，但在很多地方，均已過時了。眾多諸侯也一一不再遵循，周桓王時期雖仍能影響虢國，但已無力阻止王室轉衰，亦無力阻止諸侯間的互相攻伐。《東周列國志》採用「歷史演義」手法，依序道出周桓王之委屈與還擊，卻也將周桓王思維不夠縝密、不擅用人等埋伏在隱線裡。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>Confucius advocated that &quot;the courtesy and conquest came from the emperor.&quot; However, due to the disagreement between the king and the emperor Zheng Zhuang, the second emperor of the royal family was always at a disadvantage when facing the emperor Zheng Zhuang. Zhou Zhen Wang Lianjun attacked Zheng, but lost to Yu Ge. Zheng’s overwhelming victory over Zhou’s coalition forces led to the loss of Zhou Tianzi’s face and the disappearance of the international order. The era of &quot;respecting the king&quot; is gone forever. Many princes no longer followed one by one, and King Zhou Xuan had no power to prevent the royal family from turning down, nor could they prevent each other from attacking each other. &quot;Eastern Zhou Dynasty Records&quot; adopts the &quot;historical romance&quot; method, which in turn reveals the grievances and counterattacks of Zhou Zhenwang, but also ambushes Zhou Zhou’s inadequate thinking and is not good at using people.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

scholarly journals Preliminary Discussion on the Highly Radiogenic Lead in Unalloyed Copper Artifacts of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty: Starting from the Huili Copper Spearheads

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1252
Author(s):  
Xiaoting Wang ◽  
Wugan Luo ◽  
Yingdong Yang ◽  
Dian Chen ◽  
Jing Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Isotope ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Shang Dynasty ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Radiogenic Lead ◽  
Zhou Dynasty ◽  
Copper Mines ◽  
Eastern Zhou Dynasty ◽  
Eastern Zhou ◽  
Copper Ores

The debate about the highly radiogenic lead in Chinese archaeology has never ceased. However, previous studies have mainly focused on high leaded bronzes and lead materials, and with little specific discussion on the unalloyed copper artifacts and the sources of copper materials in China. In this work, a trace of highly radiogenic lead was found in ten copper spearheads unearthed from Huili County, Sichuan Province, southwest China, which inspired our research on this issue. The pXRF results showed that their lead content is extremely low, so the lead isotope ratios can indicate the source of copper, and the data correspond to the local copper deposits. Combined with other relevant highly radiogenic lead isotope data of unalloyed copper artifacts, the results indicate that there were multiple sources of copper ores used in the Shang Dynasty, and copper mines were continuously used in Southwest China until the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

Stable isotopes in planktonic and benthic foraminifera from Arctic Ocean surface sediments

1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Aksu ◽  
G. Vilks
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ocean Surface ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Size Fractions ◽  
Isotopic Compositions ◽  
Isotopic Analyses ◽  
Stable Isotopic ◽  
Surface Water Salinity

Oxygen and carbon isotopic analyses have been performed on the tests of Planulina wuellerstorfi and three size fractions of sinistral Neogloboquadrina pachyderma recovered from 33 Arctic Ocean surface-sediment samples. Stable isotopic compositions of N. pachyderma are found to be dependent on the test size: larger specimens show considerable enrichment in both δ18O and δ18C. The difference between the isotopic compositions of the 63–125 and 125–250 μm size fractions in N. pachyderma can be explained by biogenic fractionation effects during foraminiferal test growth. Larger (250–500 μm) N. pachyderma displayed accretions of secondary calcite, i.e., the outermost shell contained significant amounts of inorganically precipitated magnesium calcite. Thus, larger foraminifera may not be suited for down-core stable isotopic studies. There is a difference of ~2‰ between δ18O values of surface samples from the eastern and western Arctic Ocean, reflecting large differences between surface-water salinity in these regions. Therefore, oxygen isotopic data may have limited use as a chronostratigraphic tool in down-core studies in the Arctic Ocean, but we can use them to infer past variations in surface-water salinities. Planulina wuellerstorfi also showed depletions of both δ18O and δ18C in its calcite tests relative to calcite precipitated in isotopic equilibrium with ambient sea water; these depletions ranged from −0.8 to −0.9‰ in δ18Oand −1.2 to −0.9‰ in δ18C. This taxon is found to deposit its shell very close to the δ18C of ΣCO2 of bottom waters.

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