Fish exploitation in medieval and early modern Switzerland: Evidence from the ichthyoarchaeological record and historical sources

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Häberle ◽  
Heide Hüster Plogmann
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Fish Exploitation

Knowledge and Power: Rumphius’Ambonese HerbalandAmbonese Curiosity Cabinetas Colonial Contact Zones

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-470
Author(s):  
Esther Helena Arens ◽  
Charlotte Kießling
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Scientific Content ◽  
Contact Zones ◽  
Aesthetic Form ◽  
Colonial Contact

The early modern books on Ambonese natural history by G.E. Rumphius have mostly been analysed for their aesthetic form and scientific content. However, with the concept of contact zones as introduced by M.L. Pratt, these texts can also be read as historical sources about colonialism and slavery in the late seventeenth-century Moluccas. This article explores the traces of colonialism and slavery in Rumphius’Ambonese Herbal(1740ff.) and theAmbonese Curiosity Cabinet(1705).

Ecclesiastical Monuments of Brașov/Kronstadt/Brassó and the (Imagined) Topography of a Transylvanian City in Late Medieval and Early Modern Times

Transilvania ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Liviu Cîmpeanu
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
The City ◽  
Insight Into

By definition, a monument has extraordinary features that mark landscape and human minds alike. Without any doubt, the Medieval and Early Modern World of Europe was marked by ecclesiastical monuments, from great cathedrals and abbeys to simple chapels and altars at crossroads. A very interesting case study offers Braşov/ Kronstadt/Brassó, in the south-eastern corner of Transylvania, where historical sources attest several ecclesiastic monuments, in and around the city. Late medieval and early modern documents and chronicles reveal not only interesting data on the monasteries, churches and chapels of Braşov/Kronstadt/Brassó, but also on the way in which citizens and outsiders imagined those monuments in their mental topography of the city. The inhabitants of Braşov/ Kronstadt/Brassó and foreign visitors saw the monasteries, churches and chapels of the city, kept them in mind and referred to them in their (written) accounts, when they wanted to locate certain facts or events. The present paper aims in offering an overview of the late medieval and early modern sources regarding the ecclesiastical monuments of Braşov/Kronstadt/Brassó, as well as an insight into the imagined topography of a Transylvanian city.

Zur Autonomie indirekter Redewiedergabe – Eine diachrone Perspektive

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-101
Author(s):  
Ulrike Demske
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Verbal Mood

Abstract Regarding verbal mood and complementation patterns of reporting verbs, the distinction between direct and indirect reported speech is well established in present-day German. This paper looks into the history of German: Common knowledge has it that both the use of verbal mood as well as the quality of clause linkage undergo considerable changes giving rise to the question how these changes affect the manifestations of indirect reported speech in earlier stages of German. The historical record of the 16th century (with an outlook on the 17th century) shows that the distinction between direct and indirect reported speech is not yet grammaticalized in historical sources at the time. In particular with respect to dependent (in)direct reported speech, both types prefer V2-complements with only verbal mood differentiating between the types. Although present and past subjunctive have a much wider distribution in earlier stages of German, the occurrence of free indirect speech likewise testifies to its increasing use as a marker of indirect reported speech. The growing conventionalization of patterns of indirect reported speech in the course of Early Modern German may be considered as an example for an increase of subjectification in its development.

scholarly journals Evolution and transformation of early modern cosmological knowledge: a network study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Zamani ◽  
Alejandro Tejedor ◽  
Malte Vogl ◽  
Florian Kräutli ◽  
Matteo Valleriani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
European Universities ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Multiplex Network ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
Almost All

AbstractWe investigated the evolution and transformation of scientific knowledge in the early modern period, analyzing more than 350 different editions of textbooks used for teaching astronomy in European universities from the late fifteenth century to mid-seventeenth century. These historical sources constitute the Sphaera Corpus. By examining different semantic relations among individual parts of each edition on record, we built a multiplex network consisting of six layers, as well as the aggregated network built from the superposition of all the layers. The network analysis reveals the emergence of five different communities. The contribution of each layer in shaping the communities and the properties of each community are studied. The most influential books in the corpus are found by calculating the average age of all the out-going and in-coming links for each book. A small group of editions is identified as a transmitter of knowledge as they bridge past knowledge to the future through a long temporal interval. Our analysis, moreover, identifies the most impactful editions. These books introduce new knowledge that is then adopted by almost all the books published afterwards until the end of the whole period of study. The historical research on the content of the identified books, as an empirical test, finally corroborates the results of all our analyses.

scholarly journals Non-metric traits, physiological stress indicators and paleopathological lesion on human skeletal remains from an early modern cemetery in Wyszyński Street, Wrocław, Poland (15th–18th centuries AD)

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Tomaszewska ◽  
Barbara Kwiatkowska
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Enamel Hypoplasia ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Pathological Lesions ◽  
Cribra Orbitalia

Abstract The anthropological analysis and assessment of the living conditions of historical populations should be comprehensive. Due to the scarcity of the well-preserved skeletal remains of a population buried at the cemetery in Wyszyński Street, Wrocław, each piece of information is particularly important in providing the complementary information about living and health conditions of late medieval and early modern inhabitants of Wrocław. This study aims to assess the living conditions of the late medieval and early modern Wrocław inhabitants. This aim was reached by analyzing the frequency of non-metrical cranial and postcranial traits, physiological stress indicators, and pathological lesions. The importance of these traits for population studies is also discussed. For 98 skeletons (22.4% male and 37.8% female) from a cemetery located in Wyszyński Street, (15th –18th centuries AD), the frequencies (p) of the following traits were analyzed: 38 non-metric cranial and 9 post-cranial traits, the morphological indicators of physiological stress (i.e. cribra orbitalia and enamel hypoplasia), caries and pathological lesions on bones. Among the non-metric cranial traits, only nine (23.7%) were not observed. The most frequent (from p= 0.30 to p=0.65) were foramen parietale, incisura frontalis accesoria seu foramen frontale accesorius, foramen supraorbitale, M3 mandibulare, ossicula suturae lambdoideae, and foramen mastoideum extrasuturale. Only three non-metric post-cranial traits were observed, but with low frequency (p=0.01 and 0.02). Cribra orbitalia was present in 37.0% of the skeletons while enamel hypoplasia was present in only 2.6%. Susceptibility to caries occurred in 68% of the cases while carries lesions occurred in 31.2%. Among pathological changes, the most frequent were degenerative changes (21.6%) and injuries (19.6%). Owing to the poorly preserved remains, the complete assessment of the living conditions of the population was difficult. The number of the observed traits would have probably increased, had the number of complete and well-preserved skeletons been higher. The results of the study suggest that the living conditions of the studied population were poor. It is hypothesized that the cemetery was a burial place for prisoners and victims of various epidemics that affected the city. But since the historical sources of this cemetery are scarce, it is hard to unequivocally state its purpose with certainty.

Two urban districts in early modern Istanbul: Edirnekapı and Yedikule

Urban History ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-43
Author(s):  
SELMA AKYAZICI ÖZKOÇAK
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Technological Factors ◽  
Urban Districts

This paper explores how the system of meat supply influenced the topographical development of two marginal districts of sixteenth-century Istanbul. Through the combination of information contained in various historical sources, the paper reconstructs the economic links between some of their ‘dependent’ establishments such as slaughterhouses, tanning workshops, candle- and soapmakers. Throughout, it is argued that decisions about the location of these establishments were closely related to social, economic and probably technological factors of the era.

Assessed taxes as sources for the study of urban wealth: Bristol in the later eighteenth century

Urban History ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 31-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Baigent
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Rural Land ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Industrial History ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Tax Returns ◽  
National Tax ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City

Little is known of the value of eighteenth-century rates and taxes as sources for the urban historian. Corfield, in her study of eighteenth-century Norwich, stated in 1976 that ‘the stereotyped nature of eighteenth-century tax assessments precludes use of fiscal data from national sources’ and this is a fair reflection of the then and to some extent the current orthodoxy, despite Rudé's pioneering studies of the 1960s in which he used land tax and poor rate returns to estimate the wealth of the electorate of Hanoverian London and Middlesex. Schwarz, in a study of late-eighteenth-century London, could still comment in 1979 that for eighteenth-century rates and taxes ‘little is known beyond general impressions’. Recently, however, Wright has thrown interesting light on the use of the Easter books and poor rates of early-modern towns and cities, and the 1986 volume on the land tax edited by Turner and Mills, although still largely concerned with the use of rural land tax assessments, includes three chapters on the value of the assessments in urban and industrial history. The writers hope that city rate and national tax returns might play a fuller role as historical sources, but their optimism is tempered with caution because of the returns' intractability and inconsistency. It is hoped here to reinforce both their enthusiasm and their caution, to reveal additional pitfalls and suggest ways to avoid them and in particular to extend the debate to the neglected pre-1780 assessments and to the city of Bristol.

scholarly journals Pećnjaci iz drvenog objekta podignutoga na ruševinama srednjovjekovnoga burga Vrbovca kod Huma na Sutli

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Tkalčec
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Foundation Pit ◽  
Wooden Structure ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Excellent Source

Archaeological excavations have been carried out over a series of years in the northwestern-most part of the Hrvatsko zagorje region, at Hum na Sutli, at a castle whose medieval name was Vrbovec. Burg was mentioned in rare historical sources in the period from the second half of the 13th century to the second half of the 15th century. The excavations have resulted in data about its earlier beginnings, as well as its lengthier continuation, in fact a subsequent utilization if the medieval position in the early modern period, i.e. in the 16th century. The remains of a wooden structure, probably a tower destroyed by fire, were found at the site, built on the ruins of the medieval castle (Fig. 1). On the basis of the width of the foundation pit for this wooden structure, it can be concluded that this was a building constructed of massive wooden beams or the structure had several levels. The remains of a demolished tile stove were also found. The stove was covered with three types of tiles – tiles with a solid front decorative panel depicting a hunting scene (Fig. 2, Pl. 1/1), tiles with a perforated front panel decorated with architectural motifs (Fig. 3, Pl. 1/2), and simple bowl-shaped ties with a square opening (Fig. 4, Pl. 1/3). The first type of tile represents a copy of the kind of tiles that were found at the Celje castle, where they were dated to the last quarter of the 15th century and the transition from the 15th to the 16th centuries. On the basis of the stratigraphy of the finds, the typology of the stove tiles, and radiocarbon analyses, the tile stove from Vrbovec is dated to the second half of the 16th century. Although there is no specific mention of this in the historical sources, the early modern period horizon of the ruins at the medieval castle of Vrbovec should be tied to the aristocratic Rattkay family. The burg Vrbovec at Klenovec Humski with this discovery has become not merely an archaeological source for the medieval period, but also an excellent source for investigating the early modern period.

scholarly journals Under the Eye of Others (the Socialized Interpretation of Shame in the History of Ethics)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1356-1369
Author(s):  
Prokof’ev, Andrei V. Prokof’ev
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Moral Emotions ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Negative Feeling ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
History Of Ethics ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
History Of ◽  
Negative Feelings

The main purpose of the article is to reconstruct the development of a socialized interpretation of shame in the Western philosophical tradition from antiquity up to the 17th century. Along with the standard methods of conducting research in the history of philosophy (critical, comparative, hermeneutical, etc.), the author resorts to a strategy of identifying the historical sources and rudimentary forms of contemporary theoretical approaches to understanding moral phenomena. With regard to shame, there are three such approaches, or three interpretations: socialized (identifying shame with negative feelings about a real or imagined loss of face), anthropological (identifying shame with a painful reaction to the generic imperfection of a person in the sphere of corporeality) and desocialized (identifying shame with negative feelings of an individual generated by the awareness of the worthlessness of his own moral character). Studying the development of each of them requires an understanding of how they historically interacted with each other. The first detailed description of shame from the socialized perspective was proposed by Aristotle. In it, shame appears as a fear of disrepute or suffering from it, that is, a negative feeling that presupposes that other people know that an individual has committed an objectively vicious act or that he does not have some objectively valuable quality. Aristotle viewed shame as a less perfect moral trait than virtue (in contemporary socialized conceptions of shame, guilt is usually its more perfect alternative). Thomas Aquinas relies on the Aristotelian understanding of shame, but: a) connects it with the anthropological interpretation proposed by Augustine, b) makes a special emphasis on the fact that shame is appropriate only in the case of the sinfulness of the act. The early modern socialized conceptions of shame are characterized by a movement from doubt about the reasonableness of this feeling to its partial or complete rehabilitation. At the same time, R. Descartes, B. Spinoza and J. Locke, unlike Aristotle and Thomas, approve of shame not only because it is an imperfect counterpart of virtue, but also in connection with its positive social role (as a means of social discipline and an expression of sociability). Although early modern thinkers discuss moral emotions of self-assessment that are not mediated by the “eye of others” (repentance, remorse), they do not oppose them to shame

scholarly journals Kveenien omakielisen lukemisen traditio ja sen merkitys kielen säilymiselle

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-41
Author(s):  
Leena Niiranen
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Extensive Reading ◽  
Reading Practice ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Common People ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Religious Books ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article examines the reading habits of the Kven minority in Norway. Historical sources note that Kvens were able to read in Finnish already in the 18th century. Up to the middle of the 19th century, most books printed in Finnish were religious texts written in Old Literary Finnish. During the Early Modern Finnish period (1820–1870), more secular literature appeared. Although the Kvens mostly read religious texts, they also read some secular literature. Kvens would gather to read religious books written in Old Literary Finnish in homes following a religious tradition of repetitive reading. It is quite probable that this reading practice had an impact on Kven language maintenance. Extensive reading refers to the reading of many different types of texts. In Finland, extensive reading expanded among common people during the Early Modern Finnish period. By contrast, extensive reading among Kvens was most often conducted in Norwegian.  

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