Isotopic Reconstruction of the Late Longshan Period (ca. 4200-3900 BP) Dietary Complexity before the Onset of State-Level Societies at the Wadian Site in the Ying River Valley, Central Plains, China

X-L. Chen; Y-M. Fang; Y-W. Hu; Y-F. Hou; P. Lü; J. Yuan; G-D. Song; B. T. Fuller; M. P. Richards

doi:10.1002/oa.2482

The spatiotemporal evolution of cities from the ancient state period to the kingdom period in the Central Plains region, China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-408538/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lijie Yan ◽

Ruixia Yang ◽

Peng Lu ◽

Fei Teng ◽

Xia Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nearest Neighbor ◽

Gis Technology ◽

Spatiotemporal Evolution ◽

Gravity Center ◽

Central Plains ◽

Distance Analysis ◽

The City ◽

Ancient States ◽

Longshan Period ◽

Yangshao Period

Abstract The Central Plains region in China has been an important area for human settlement since ancient times. As the only continuous civilization over thousands of years in the world, the Central Plains Civilization is the origin of the Chinese nation. The number, size, and distribution of cities have changed greatly from the ancient state period (i.e. the Yangshao and Longshan periods) to the kingdom period (i.e. the Xia and Shang Dynasties), which reflects the evolution of settlement and social organization. In this study, GIS technology was used to establish the city spatial database for the periods that witnessed the transition from ancient states to the kingdom, including the Yangshao period, the Longshan period, and the Xia and Shang Dynasties. Moreover, the nearest neighbor distance analysis and the gravity center analysis were implemented to explore the possible factors that were considered in the city site selection, including altitude and distances to nearest rivers. Furthermore, efforts were made to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of the shape, size, agglomeration, and varying gravity center of cities as well as the spatiotemporal evolution of moats. The results show that: (1) Most city sites were distributed in areas with altitudes of < 500 m above sea level and distances of less than 3 km away from rivers during all three periods. (2) From the Yangshao period to the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the shape of the city gradually changed from circular to square, and the type of moats changed from trenches in the Yangshao period to city walls in the Longshan period and no walls in Xia and Shang Dynasties. (3) The size and grade of the 18 cities in the Yangshao period shared high similarity, with an average area of 20 hectares. In comparison, the sizes of 24 cities in the Longshan period increased significantly, with an average of 39 hectares. During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, there were 22 cities with an average size of 340 hectares, and the grade of sizes became obvious, marking the entrance into the centralized kingdom period. (4) Cities were scattered in the decentralized pattern during the ancient state periods (i.e. Yangshao and Longshan periods), whereas they became agglomerative in the kingdom period (i.e. Xia and Shang Dynasties). This reflects the evolution of the spatial scopes and social organizational forms. (5) From ancient states to the kingdom, the city center moved around Songshan Mountain from the northwest to the southeast and again to the northeast.

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Prehistoric Village Distribution in the Illinois River Valley

American Antiquity ◽

10.2307/276563 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 272-279 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John C. Mc.Gregor

Keyword(s):

Great Lakes ◽

Sea Level ◽

The State ◽

River Valley ◽

Illinois River ◽

Central Plains ◽

University Of Illinois ◽

Illinois River Valley ◽

Site Survey ◽

The University

In the summer of 1954 the University of Illinois undertook an extensive archaeological village site survey of the Illinois River valley. The Illinois River, more than 250 miles long, is located in the heart of the great Central Plains, an essentially uneroded region of drift covered uplands, with a billowy surface and less than 1000 feet altitude above sea level. The river is the largest, except for the Ohio, draining into the Mississippi from the east. It gathers rainfall from about 25,000 square miles, almost half the total area of the state of Illinois, and flows into the Mississippi about midway between its head and mouth. It is located centrally on a venation of waterways stretching from the foothills of the Rockies to the Appalachians, and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf.

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The spatiotemporal evolution of ancient cities from the late Yangshao to Xia and Shang Dynasties in the Central Plains, China

Heritage Science ◽

10.1186/s40494-021-00580-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lijie Yan ◽

Ruixia Yang ◽

Peng Lu ◽

Fei Teng ◽

Xia Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nearest Neighbor ◽

State Level ◽

Time Interval ◽

Gravity Center ◽

Central Plains ◽

Ancient City ◽

Database Technology ◽

Chinese State ◽

Social Organizational ◽

Average Size

AbstractThe Central Plains has a long history, rich culture, unique geographical advantages, and profound cultural heritage. The occurrence of ancient cities in the Central Plains marks the formation of Chinese state-level societies. The number, size, and distribution of ancient cities have changed greatly from the late Yangshao to the Xia and Shang Dynasties, which reflects the evolution of settlement and social organization. In this study, Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial database technology was used to establish a spatiotemporal database of ancient cities in the late Yangshao, Longshan, as well as Xia and Shang Dynasties in the Central Plains. This paper uses GIS spatial analysis technology to analyze the relationship between the ancient city distribution and the geographical environment, as well as the evolution of ancient city's shapes and sizes. Furthermore, by using the method of the nearest neighbor distance and gravity center analysis, this paper discusses the agglomeration characteristics and gravity center evolution of ancient cities. The results show that: (1) Most of the ancient cities were distributed in areas below 500 m and within 3 km from the river during the time interval from the late Yangshao to Xia and Shang Dynasties; (2) The shape of the ancient cities gradually changed from circles to squares in the Central Plains, which became a unified model for the later ancient city design; (3) The sizes of the 18 ancient cities in the Yangshao period shared high similarity, with an average area of 20 hectares. The sizes of 24 ancient cities in the Longshan period increased significantly, with an average of 39 hectares. During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, there were 22 ancient cities with an average size of 340 hectares, and the grade of sizes became obvious, marking the entrance into Chinese state-level societies; (4) Cities were scattered in the decentralized pattern during the late Yangshao and Longshan periods, whereas they became agglomerative in Xia and Shang Dynasties. This reflects the evolution of the spatial scopes and social organizational forms; and (5) From the late Yangshao to Xia and Shang Dynasties, the gravity center of ancient cities moved around the Songshan Mountain from the northwest to the southeast and again to the northeast.

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Determining Provenance of Shell-Tempered Pottery from the Central Plains Using Petrography and Oxidation Analysis

American Antiquity ◽

10.7183/0002-7316.75.1.134 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 134-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Donna C. Roper ◽

Richard L. Josephs ◽

Margaret E. Beck

Keyword(s):

Mississippi River ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Missouri River ◽

River Valley ◽

Late Prehistoric ◽

Provenance Analysis ◽

Central Plains ◽

North Central ◽

Oxidation Analysis

Late prehistoric sites on the Central Plains contain both grit/grog- (mineral-) tempered pottery and shell-tempered pottery. This appearance of shell-tempered pottery around cal A.D. 1000 has traditionally been explained as a colonization from the Mississippi River valley with further dispersal via trade. As a result, very little is known about the role of this material in the region. We report the results of a provenance analysis of shell-tempered pottery from seven sites extending from the Missouri River valley to north-central Kansas. We use petrography and oxidation analysis to compare the shell-tempered pottery across these localities and the shell-tempered to the mineral-tempered pottery from each locality, and we compare mineral inclusions and clay characteristics in all pottery with published geological and pedological information for each locality. The results demonstrate that shell-tempered pottery was locally produced throughout at least a portion of the Central Plains. Differences in firing technology are apparent across the study area and may play a role in the distribution of shell-tempered pottery. Two other results are the identification of composite temper in a notable proportion of the sherds studied, and indications of from where on the landscape Central Plains potters were procuring their raw materials.

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Medicaid 101: A Primer for Speech-Language Pathologists in Education Settings

Perspectives on School-Based Issues ◽

10.1044/sbi12.1.3 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 3-11

Author(s):

Janet Deppe ◽

Marie Ireland

Keyword(s):

State Level ◽

The State ◽

Speech Language Pathologists ◽

Inspector General ◽

Medical Necessity ◽

School Settings ◽

Speech Language Pathologist ◽

School Based ◽

Emerging Trends

This paper will provide the school-based speech-language pathologist (SLP) with an overview of the federal requirements for Medicaid, including provider qualifications, “under the direction of” rule, medical necessity, and covered services. Billing, documentation, and reimbursement issues at the state level will be examined. A summary of the findings of the Office of Inspector General audits of state Medicaid plans is included as well as what SLPs need to do in order to ensure that services are delivered appropriately. Emerging trends and advocacy tools will complete the primer on Medicaid services in school settings.

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Policy Action on Obesity Mostly at State Level

Internal Medicine News ◽

10.1016/s1097-8690(07)71007-7 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 40 (16) ◽

pp. 39

Author(s):

MARY ELLEN SCHNEIDER

Keyword(s):

State Level ◽

Policy Action

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Perception of Emotional Expressions in Adults

Journal of Individual Differences ◽

10.1027/1614-0001/a000183 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 16-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chit Yuen Yi ◽

Matthew W. E. Murry ◽

Amy L. Gentzler

Keyword(s):

Facial Expressions ◽

Negative Mood ◽

Emotion Perception ◽

State Level ◽

Past Research ◽

Negative Emotionality ◽

Basic Emotions ◽

Perceived Intensity ◽

Trait Level ◽

Facial Expressions Of Emotion

Abstract. Past research suggests that transient mood influences the perception of facial expressions of emotion, but relatively little is known about how trait-level emotionality (i.e., temperament) may influence emotion perception or interact with mood in this process. Consequently, we extended earlier work by examining how temperamental dimensions of negative emotionality and extraversion were associated with the perception accuracy and perceived intensity of three basic emotions and how the trait-level temperamental effect interacted with state-level self-reported mood in a sample of 88 adults (27 men, 18–51 years of age). The results indicated that higher levels of negative mood were associated with higher perception accuracy of angry and sad facial expressions, and higher levels of perceived intensity of anger. For perceived intensity of sadness, negative mood was associated with lower levels of perceived intensity, whereas negative emotionality was associated with higher levels of perceived intensity of sadness. Overall, our findings added to the limited literature on adult temperament and emotion perception.

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