Nonmetric dental characteristics of the early modern population of Okinawa Island in Nansei Islands, Japan

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 679-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Manabe ◽  
J. Oyamada ◽  
Y. Kitagawa ◽  
K. Igawa ◽  
K. Kato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Okinawa Island ◽  
Nansei Islands ◽  
Modern Population

scholarly journals Osteoarthritis – a problematic skeletal trait in past human populations. Osteoarthritic changes vs. entheseal changes in the late medieval and early modern population form Łekno

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-161
Author(s):  
Anna Myszka ◽  
Janusz Piontek ◽  
Jacek Tomczyk ◽  
Marta Zalewska
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Scoring Systems ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Modern Population ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Entheseal Changes

AbstractAccording to medical knowledge, physical activity plays a role in osteoarthritic changes formation. The impact of occupation on osteoarthritic changes development in past human populations is not clear enough, causing problems with interpretation. The aim of the current study is to examine the relationship between osteoarthritis and entheseal changes. Skeletal material comes from the late medieval, early modern population from Łekno (Poland). The sample consists of 110 males and 56 females (adults only). Osteophytes, porosity and eburnation were analyzed in the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle. Entheses on the humerus, radius, femur, and tibia were examined. Standard ranked categorical scoring systems were used for the osteoarthritic and entheseal changes examination.Males with more developed osteophytes in the shoulder have more “muscular” upper limbs (higher values of muscle markers). Males with more developed osteophytes in the hip and knee are predicted to have more “muscular” lower limbs. Males with more developed osteoarthritis in the shoulder, wrist, hip, and knee exhibit more developed entheseal changes. Males with more developed entheses tend to yield more developed osteophytes (all joints taken together) and general osteoarthritis (all changes and all joints taken together). Females with more developed entheses have more developed osteoarthritis in the elbow, wrist, and hip. Individuals with more developed entheses have much more developed osteophytes. When all the three types of changes are taken together, more “muscular” females exhibit more developed osteoarthritis. The lack of uniformity of the results, wild discussions on the usage of entheses in activity patterns reconstruction and other limitations do not allow to draw unambiguous conclusions about the impact of physical activity on the osteoarthritis in past populations and further studies are needed.

Political Arithmetic and Sacred History: Population Thought in the English Enlightenment, 1660–1750

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 829-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Natural Theology ◽  
The State ◽  
Scientific Content ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
Modern Population ◽  
Empirical Methodology

AbstractCurrent approaches to the history of early modern population thought focus on the state and secular governance, while standard treatments of Restoration and Augustan “political arithmetic” emphasize its economic or social-scientific content. This article recovers nonsecular uses of demographic quantification, excavating the use of political arithmetic in religious polemic between ca. 1660 and ca. 1750. As a form of empirical natural philosophy, political arithmetic suited the polemical needs of latitudinarian Anglicans and others combating deism, atheism, and preadamism; the demographic regularities it revealed furnished evidence of providential solicitude, while the history of population growth was a potential prop for scriptural chronologies. A strand of “sacred” political arithmetic thus contributed to natural theology while modeling—albeit inconsistently—new historical applications for empirical methodology. The article concludes by considering possible causes for the decline of this “sacred” strand of demographic quantification, while suggesting connections between it and better-known secular forms of Enlightenment-era population thought.

Early Modern Urban Immigration in East Central Europe: A Macroanalysis

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 2-39
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Miller
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
East Central Europe ◽  
East Central ◽  
Natural Catastrophes ◽  
Natural Decrease ◽  
High Level ◽  
New Phenomena ◽  
Modern Population

Most surveys of urban growthin the long sixteenth century stress the comparatively high level of early modern population mobility encouraged by the emergence of qualitatively new phenomena in the spheres of economics, culture, and religion. There is also a prevailing consensus among historians referring to “natural decrease theory.” Historical demographers have suggested that, because of the high mortality rates caused by epidemics, wars, natural catastrophes, and continual problems with hygiene, the natural increase of the urban population was either moderate or nonexistent. Therefore, it was primarily immigration that either produced the rise or compensated for population losses.

Hard numbers? The long-term decline in violence reassessed. Empirical objections and fresh perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Gerd Schwerhoff ◽  
Benjamin Seebröker ◽  
Alexander Kästner ◽  
Wiebke Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Source Criticism ◽  
Modern Population ◽  
Empirical Foundation

AbstractOver the last decades social scientists have alleged that violence has decreased in Europe since late medieval times. They consider homicide rates a valid indicator for this claim. Thorough source criticism, however, raises serious doubts about the decline thesis having any substantial empirical foundation. Forms and contents of the sources are immensely heterogeneous and a closer look at the alleged richness of the data uncovers remarkable gaps. Furthermore, medieval and early modern population estimates are highly unreliable. Thus, we argue that historical research on violence should return to focus on specific historical constellations, accept the need for painstaking source criticism and pay careful attention to the contexts of violence.

scholarly journals Dental markers of biocultural sex differences in an early modern population from Gothenburg, Sweden: caries and other oral pathologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Bertilsson ◽  
Lisa Nylund ◽  
Maria Vretemark ◽  
Peter Lingström
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Tooth Wear ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Pathological Lesions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Molar Teeth ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Modern Population

Abstract Background With the aim to study dental pathological lesions in an early Swedish modern population, with special reference to sex variances of dental caries, the prevalence and distribution of dental caries and tooth wear were determined in complete and partial human dentitions from an early modern-time city graveyard (1500–1620) excavated in Gamlestaden, Gothenburg, Sweden. Methods Partial and complete dentitions were examined through visual inspection and using a dental probe. Pathologies were studied, evaluated and presented by teeth and alveoli. Results The study population consisted of 308 individuals. A total of 4,951 teeth in adults and 1,660 teeth in children were examined. Caries prevalence in the studied population was 55% and the highest prevalence of caries was found among the adults, where 68% of the individuals had at least one carious lesion. Caries experience (DMT > 0) in the entire population was 60%, and among adults caries experience was 76%. Women had significantly higher caries experience than men (p < 0.05). Caries was most prevalent in the molar teeth and least prevalent in the incisors and canines. Significant age-related increases in tooth wear were found, and a positive correlation between wear in molars and incisors (p < 0.001). Other clinical findings were signs of apical lesions, crowding of teeth, aplasia, non-erupted canines and calculus. Conclusions Findings show that dental pathological lesions affected a majority of the studied population, and indicate that women were more predisposed to dental disease than their male counterparts. Results are discussed from a multi-factorial explanation model including dietary, physiological and cultural etiological factors.

scholarly journals First evidence of asexual recruitment of Pocillopora acuta in Okinawa Island using genotypic identification

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Nakajima ◽  
Po-Shun Chuang ◽  
Nobuo Ueda ◽  
Satoshi Mitarai
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Mitochondrial Haplotype ◽  
Multilocus Genotype ◽  
Okinawa Island ◽  
Multilocus Genotypes ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
Nansei Islands ◽  
Genotypic Identification ◽  
Mitochondrial Locus ◽  
Almost All

Okinawa Island is located near the center of the Nansei Islands (∼24–31°N), at a relatively high latitude for coral reefs. Nevertheless, more than 80 coral genera (over 400 species) are abundant in the Nansei Islands. Since March, 2017, scleractinian corals have been held in an outdoor tank at the OIST Marine Science Station at Seragaki, Onna with natural sea water flow-through in order to be used in molecular biological and physiological studies. In January, 2018, we found small pocilloporid-like colonies suspected to have originated asexually. We collected 25 small colonies and measured their sizes and weights. Also, we validated the classification and clonality of the colonies using a mitochondrial locus and nine microsatellite loci. Almost all of the small colonies collected in the outdoor tank were ≤1 cm in both width and height. The weight of dried skeletons ranged from 0.0287 to 0.1807 g. Genetic analysis determined that they were, in fact, Pocillopora acuta. Only one mitochondrial haplotype was shared and two microsatellite multilocus genotypes were detected (20 colonies of one and four colonies of the other). The mitochondrial haplotype and one microsatellite multilocus genotype for 20 colonies corresponded to those of one P. acuta colony being kept in the tank. One small colony matched both multilocus genotypes. This may have been a chimeric colony resulting from allogenic fusion. These small colonies were not produced sexually, because the only potential parent in the tank was the aforementioned P. acuta colony. Instead, they were more likely derived from asexual planula release or polyp bail-out. Corals as Pocillopora acuta have the capacity to produce clonal offspring rapidly and to adapt readily to local environments. This is the first report of asexual reproduction by planulae or expelled polyps in P. acuta at Okinawa Island.

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