scholarly journals Para‐ortho hydrogen conversion: Solving a 90‐year old mystery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Zhang ◽  
Tijs Karman ◽  
Gerrit C. Groenenboom ◽  
Ad van der Avoird
Keyword(s):  
Ortho Hydrogen

Conversion of para and ortho hydrogen in the Jovian planets

Icarus ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.T. Massie ◽  
D.M. Hunten
Keyword(s):  
Ortho Hydrogen ◽  
Jovian Planets

An anomaly in the specific heat below 3 °K of copper containing hydrogen

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (14) ◽  
pp. 1485-1491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Specific Heat ◽  
Molecular Hydrogen ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Solid Hydrogen ◽  
Rotational State ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Ortho Hydrogen ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
A Value ◽  
Heat Curve

The specific heat of copper heated in hydrogen at 1040 °C has been measured over the temperature range 0.4 to 3.0 °K and found to be anomalous. The anomaly occurs in the same temperature range as the solid hydrogen λ anomaly which, in conjunction with evidence of ortho to para conversion of hydrogen in the sample, suggests the presence of molecular hydrogen in the copper. The anomaly reported by Martin for "as-received" American Smelting and Refining Company (ASARCO) 99.999+ % pure copper has been briefly compared with the present results. The form of the anomaly produced by the copper-hydrogen specimen has been compared with Schottky curves using the simplest possible model, that for two level splitting of the degenerate J = 1 rotational state of the ortho-hydrogen molecule.Maintenance of the copper-hydrogen sample at ~20 °K for approximately 1 week removed the "hump" in the specific heat curve. An equation of the form Cp = γT + (464.34/(θ0c)3)T3 was found to fit these experimental results and produced a value for γ which had increased over that for vacuumannealed pure copper by ~2%.

Thermodynamic analysis of the para-to-ortho hydrogen conversion in cryo-compressed hydrogen vessels for automotive applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (46) ◽  
pp. 24928-24937
Author(s):  
Liang Chen ◽  
Runfeng Xiao ◽  
Cheng Cheng ◽  
Gui Tian ◽  
Shuangtao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Analysis ◽  
Automotive Applications ◽  
Ortho Hydrogen

scholarly journals Rotational Sublevels of an Ortho-Hydrogen Molecule Encapsulated in an IsotropicC60Cage

2009 ◽  
Vol 103 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshimitsu Kohama ◽  
Takeshi Rachi ◽  
Ju Jing ◽  
Zhaofei Li ◽  
Jun Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Molecule ◽  
Ortho Hydrogen
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