Effects of octopamine, dopamine, and serotonin on production of flight motor output by thoracic ganglia ofManduca sexta

1986 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale E. Claassen ◽  
Ann E. Kammer
Keyword(s):  
Motor Output ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Flight Motor

Temperature Dependence of the Neural Control of the Moth Flight System

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-639
Author(s):  
JAMES L. HANEGAN ◽  
JAMES EDWARD HEATH
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Flight Pattern ◽  
Flight System ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Flight Motor

1. The transition from the warm-up motor pattern to the flight motor pattern in the saturnid moth H. cecropia, is described. 2. The transition from warm-up to flight was found to be dependent on the temperature of the thoracic ganglia. 3. A model to account for the two different motor output patterns and the transition of the warm-up pattern to the flight pattern is proposed.

scholarly journals From Motor-Output to Connectivity: An In-Depth Study of in-vitro Rhythmic Patterns in the Cockroach Periplaneta americana

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izhak David ◽  
Amir Ayali
Keyword(s):  
Coupling Strength ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Pattern Generators

The cockroach is an established model in the study of locomotion control. While previous work has offered important insights into the interplay among brain commands, thoracic central pattern generators, and the sensory feedback that shapes their motor output, there remains a need for a detailed description of the central pattern generators' motor output and their underlying connectivity scheme. To this end, we monitored pilocarpine-induced activity of levator and depressor motoneurons in two types of novel in-vitro cockroach preparations: isolated thoracic ganglia and a whole-chain preparation comprising the thoracic ganglia and the subesophageal ganglion. Our data analyses focused on the motoneuron firing patterns and the coordination among motoneuron types in the network. The burstiness and rhythmicity of the motoneurons were monitored, and phase relations, coherence, coupling strength, and frequency-dependent variability were analyzed. These parameters were all measured and compared among network units both within each preparation and among the preparations. Here, we report differences among the isolated ganglia, including asymmetries in phase and coupling strength, which indicate that they are wired to serve different functions. We also describe the intrinsic default gait and a frequency-dependent coordination. The depressor motoneurons showed mostly similar characteristics throughout the network regardless of interganglia connectivity; whereas the characteristics of the levator motoneurons activity were mostly ganglion-dependent, and influenced by the presence of interganglia connectivity. Asymmetries were also found between the anterior and posterior homolog parts of the thoracic network, as well as between ascending and descending connections. Our analyses further discover a frequency-dependent inversion of the interganglia coordination from alternations between ipsilateral homolog oscillators to simultaneous activity. We present a detailed scheme of the network couplings, formulate coupling rules, and review a previously suggested model of connectivity in light of our new findings. Our data support the notion that the inter-hemiganglia coordination derives from the levator networks and their coupling with local depressor interneurons. Our findings also support a dominant role of the metathoracic ganglion and its ascending output in governing the anterior ganglia motor output during locomotion in the behaving animal.

Antagonistic Effects of Phentolamine and Octopamine on Rhythmic Motor Output of Crayfish Thoracic Ganglia

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 3586-3589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Gill ◽  
Peter Skorupski
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Burst Duration ◽  
Cycle Period ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Locomotor Rhythm ◽  
Pharmacological Modulation ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Rhythmic Motor

Spontaneous rhythmic motor output of crayfish thoracic ganglia consists of bursts of activity in antagonistic leg motor neurons (MNs), alternating with a rather slow cycle period (typically ≥20 s). The most common pattern (77% of preparations) consists of long coxal promotor bursts, the duration of which was correlated strongly with cycle period, and relatively short remotor bursts independent of cycle period. Octopamine, at a concentration of 2–30 μM reversibly retarded this rhythm, increasing both cycle period and promotor burst duration. Higher concentrations of octopamine inhibited promotor nerve activity and abolished rhythmic bursting. Phentolamine (10–50 μM) had the opposite effect of decreasing cycle period, mainly by decreasing promotor burst duration. Whereas in the presence of octopamine promotor bursts were lengthened and became even more strongly related to cycle period, phentolamine promoted a more symmetrical rhythm with shorter promotor bursts that were less dependent on cycle period. When octopamine was applied in the presence of phentolamine, there was no significant increase in cycle period or burst duration, although high octopamine concentrations (100 μM) were still capable of inhibiting promotor nerve activity. To our knowledge, pharmacological modulation of a spontaneous locomotor rhythm by an amine antagonist (applied by itself) has not been reported previously. The results raise the testable possibility that phentolamine exerts its modulatory effects by acting as an octopamine antagonist in crayfish thoracic ganglia.

Central input to primary afferent neurons in crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, is correlated with rhythmic motor output of thoracic ganglia

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 678-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. T. Sillar ◽  
P. Skorupski
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Reversal Potential ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Resting Membrane Potential ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Rhythmic Motor ◽  
Receptor Organ

A preparation is described in which the thoracic ganglia of the crayfish are isolated together with the thoracocoxal muscle receptor organ (TCMRO) of the fourth leg. This preparation allows intracellular analysis of both centrally generated and reflex activity in leg motor neurons (MNs). The isolated thoracic ganglia can spontaneously generate a rhythmic motor pattern resembling that used during forward walking (Fig. 4). This involves the reciprocal activity of promotor and remotor MNs, with levator MNs firing in phase with promotor bursts. Stretch of the TCMRO in quiescent preparations evokes a resistance reflex in promotor MNs (Fig. 6). In more active preparations the response is variable and often becomes an assistance reflex, with excitation of remotor MNs on stretch (Fig. 7). When rhythmic motor patterns occur, the neuropilar processes of the S and T fibers receive central inputs that are strongly correlated with the oscillatory drive to the MNs and probably have the same origin (Figs. 8 and 9). Central inputs to the S and T fibers occur in opposite phases within a cycle of rhythmic motor output. The S fiber is depolarized in phase with promotor MNs and the T fiber in phase with remotor activity. The input to the T fiber is shown to be a chemical synaptic drive that has a reversal potential approximately 14 mV more depolarized than the fiber's resting membrane potential. This input substantially modulates the amplitude and waveform of passively propagated receptor potentials generated by TCMRO stretch (Fig. 11). It is argued that the central inputs to the TCMRO afferents will modulate proprioceptive feedback resulting from voluntary movements.

scholarly journals Invariance of Oscillator Interneurone Activity During Variable Motor Output by Locusts

1989 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-239
Author(s):  
H. REICHERT ◽  
C. H. F. ROWELL
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Motor Neurones ◽  
Depressor Muscle ◽  
Premotor Interneurones ◽  
Centre Of Rotation ◽  
Flight Motor ◽  
Oscillator Output

Simultaneous intracellular recordings were made in locusts from (a) flight motor neurones and (b) output interneurones of the flight oscillator. The insects were mounted with the head at the centre of rotation of an artificial horizon. During fictive flight, these animals responded to simulated deviations from course with the changes in motor output appropriate to course-correction manoeuvres, as previously described. In the motor neurone of depressor muscle MN98 (mesothoracic second basalar) these changes take the form of systematic variation in amplitude in the cyclical depolarization seen in the neurone in flight which, in turn, leads to variation in the number of action potentials per cycle (from 0–3) and in the latency of the first spike (up to 19 ms difference). These changes are closely related to the perceived movement of the horizon. The oscillator output, as recorded in metathoracic interneurone 511, shows, in contrast, very little change. The fraction of its variation which is correlated with horizon movement is vanishingly small (e.g. for number of action potentials per burst r2 = 0.008). The exteroceptive sensory inputs which modify motor output during steering do not, therefore, affect the oscillator appreciably. Thus, by exclusion, the motor patterns of compensatory steering are due exclusively to summation of the oscillator drive with the sensory inputs. This takes place in the motor neurones and especially in the premotor interneurones, as previously described.

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