Dipteran flight motor pattern: Invariabilities and changes during postlarval development

1981 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kutsch ◽  
W. Hug
Keyword(s):  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Flight Motor

Temperature Dependence of the Neural Control of the Moth Flight System

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-639
Author(s):  
JAMES L. HANEGAN ◽  
JAMES EDWARD HEATH
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Flight Pattern ◽  
Flight System ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Flight Motor

1. The transition from the warm-up motor pattern to the flight motor pattern in the saturnid moth H. cecropia, is described. 2. The transition from warm-up to flight was found to be dependent on the temperature of the thoracic ganglia. 3. A model to account for the two different motor output patterns and the transition of the warm-up pattern to the flight pattern is proposed.

Neural control of hindleg steering in flight in the locust

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (4) ◽  
pp. 869-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Lorez
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Recording ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Common Input ◽  
Central Elements ◽  
Flight Steering ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Flight Motor

Corrective flight steering with the hindlegs was investigated in intact tethered flying locusts inside a wind tunnel as well as in animals dissected for intracellular recording and showing fictive flight activity. In intact tethered flying animals, activity in the second coxal abductor muscle (M126) was highly correlated with hindleg steering and was coupled to the elevator phase of the flight cycle. Fictive flight and steering could also be elicited in animals dissected for intracellular recording of motoneurones innervating M126. During fictive flight activity, motoneurones 126 were rhythmically excited in the elevator phase, presumably from central elements of the neuronal oscillator generating the flight motor pattern, as is the case for motoneurones innervating wing muscles. During fictive straight flight, this input was subthreshold, and it could be demonstrated that simulated deviation from the flight course resulted in recruitment of motoneurones 126. Statistical analysis of the latencies of fast muscle spikes in M126 and in one wing elevator muscle showed that both received common input during flight steering. One source of this common input was identified as the sensory information from the lateral ocelli, which play an important role in the detection of course deviation. The experiments demonstrated that processing in the sensory-motor system for hindleg steering is probably organized in a very similar way to that responsible for steering with the wings.

Flight motor pattern in flying and non-flying Phasmida

1991 ◽  
Vol 168 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kutsch ◽  
R. Kittmann
Keyword(s):  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Flight Motor

Maturation of the flight motor pattern without movement inManduca sexta

1979 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann E. Kammer ◽  
Sue C. Kinnamon
Keyword(s):  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Flight Motor

Neural circuits in the flight system of the locust

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Robertson ◽  
K. G. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Flight System ◽  
Neuronal Connections ◽  
Staining Techniques ◽  
Constant Duration ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Flight Motor

Circuitry in the flight system of the locust, Locusta migratoria, was investigated by use of intracellular recording and staining techniques. Neuronal connections were established by recording simultaneously from neuropile segments of pairs of identified interneurons. Brief depolarizing current pulses delivered to interneurons 301 and 501 reset the flight rhythm in a phase-dependent manner, thus establishing the importance of these neurons in rhythm generation. Interneuron 301 was found to make a strong delayed excitatory connection with 501 and to receive a short-latency inhibitory connection from 501. The circuit formed by 301 and 501 appears suited for promoting rhythmicity in the flight system. The delayed excitatory potential recorded in 501 following each spike of 301 was reversed by hyperpolarizing 501. This potential and short-latency inhibitory postsynaptic potentials from 301 to other interneurons were blocked with the application of picrotoxin. We conclude that the delayed excitation is produced via a disynaptic pathway from 301 to 501, with 301 inhibiting in a graded manner the tonic release of transmitter from one or more unidentified intercalated neurons. Interconnections between the 301-501 circuit and other identified interneurons were discovered. This circuitry can account for two features of the flight motor pattern recorded in deafferented preparations. These features are the constant-latency relationship between depolarizations in elevator and depressor motoneurons and the relatively constant duration of depressor motoneuron bursts. The locust flight system shares general features with other described rhythm-generating systems. These include the occurrence of graded interactions, the probability of multiple oscillatory mechanisms, and a predominance of inhibitory connections. Its uniqueness lies in the way that components and processes are assembled and operate.

Alteration of bursting properties in interneurons during locust flight

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 2148-2160 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Ramirez ◽  
K. G. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Afferent Input ◽  
Proprioceptive Information ◽  
Current Pulses ◽  
Proprioceptive Input ◽  
And Function ◽  
Flight Motor ◽  
Bursting Activity ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. The contribution of bursting properties to the generation of the flight motor pattern was examined for two identified interneurons (interneurons 566 and 567) in the flight system of the locust Locusta migratoria by means of intracellular recording and stimulation techniques. These interneurons are important elements in transmitting proprioceptive information from the hindwing tegula to wing elevator motoneurons. 2. Offset currents injected into these neurons revealed that bursts are triggered in the intact flying animal by synaptic input from tegula afferents (n = 10). These bursts lead to an amplification of proprioceptive input that is crucial for the generation of the intact flight motor pattern. In the absence of afferent input the activity of these neurons remained subthreshold for triggering a burst. This explains why these neurons exhibit only weak rhythmic oscillations in deafferented animals. 3. The property of interneuron 566 to burst was conditional, always being expressed during flight (n = 14) and occurring only occasionally in the quiescent animal. In the absence of flight, stimulation of tegula afferents never evoked bursts in interneuron 566 (n = 7) and depolarizing current pulses evoked weak bursts in only three of nine preparations. In 2 of 14 animals, bursting property of interneuron 566 was enhanced just after the termination of flight. 4. Variability in the bursting property was also found for interneuron 567. In the quiescent animal, tegula-evoked compound excitatory postsynaptic potentials were not sufficient to trigger bursts (n = 3) but depolarizing current pulses evoked always weak rhythmic bursting activity (n = 4). This bursting property was also variable and in one animal we found long-lasting plateau potentials that could be evoked by current injection after flight was elicited several times. 5. The data presented demonstrate that the capacity to burst is conditional in the interneurons 566 and 567. Bursting properties are always induced during flight and function to amplify proprioceptive pathways that are important for the generation of the intact flight motor pattern.

ADAPTIVE MODIFICATIONS IN THE FLIGHT SYSTEM OF THE LOCUST AFTER THE REMOVAL OF WING PROPRIOCEPTORS

1991 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. 313-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANSGAR BÜSCHGES ◽  
KEIR G. PEARSON
Keyword(s):  
Normal Values ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Afferent Input ◽  
Excitatory Input ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Intracellular Recordings ◽  
Wingbeat Frequency ◽  
Flight System ◽  
Flight Motor

Previous investigations on the flight system of the locust have found that removal of the wing tegulae in mature locusts (Locusta migratoria) results in an immediate change in the flight motor pattern: the wingbeat frequency (WBF) decreases, the interval between the activity of the depressor and the elevator muscles (the D-E interval) increases, and the phase of the elevator activity in the depressor cycle increases. Here we report the results of a detailed quantitative analysis of these changes. We also examined the flight motor pattern for up to 14 days after removal of the tegulae and found that the changes caused by this operation were not permanent. Beginning on the first day after the operation there was a time-dependent recovery of the WBF, the D-E interval and the phase towards their normal values. In about 80% of the experimental animals the flight motor pattern recovered almost completely. Intracellular recordings from elevator motoneurones showed that this recovery was associated with changes in the pattern of excitatory input to these motoneurones. The modification of activity in elevator motoneurones was dependent on afferent input since complete deafferentation of recovered animals resulted in a motor pattern similar to that following deafferentation of normal animals.

Timing of elevator muscle activity during climbing in free locust flight

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (24) ◽  
pp. 3575-3586 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Fischer ◽  
W. Kutsch
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Free Flight ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Flight Motor ◽  
Stroke Amplitude ◽  
Aerodynamic Lift

Despite detailed knowledge of the sensory-motor interactions during elevator muscle timing for the generation of a ‘functional’ flight motor pattern in flying locusts, there is little information about how a possible shift in the onset of elevator activity is correlated with changes in flight variables under closed-loop conditions (i.e. during free flight). Free-flight variables were investigated with respect to ascent angle during climbing flight in locusts Schistocerca gregaria. The motor pattern during free flight was examined by telemetric electromyography of particular antagonistic flight muscles in both ipsilateral hemisegments of the pterothorax while flight variables were recorded simultaneously on video. In the majority of the animals tested, the onset of elevator muscle activity within the wingbeat cycle is delayed when animals increase their ascent angle during climbing flight. In accordance with the motor pattern, the downstroke phase and the stroke amplitude of the wings increased with increasing the ascent angle. This suggests that the relative elevator timing during the wingbeat cycle may be related to the generation of the additional aerodynamic lift required for ascending flight and may, therefore, play a role in the regulation of ascent angle during free flight in the locust.

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