Electrophysiological evaluation of conduction in the most proximal motor root segment

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Inaba ◽  
Takanori Yokota ◽  
Asuka Otagiri ◽  
Tomoko Nishimura ◽  
Yukinobu Saito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Segment ◽  
Motor Root

Hemidiaphragmatic paralysis with recurrent lung infections due to degenerative motor root compression of C3 and C4

2010 ◽  
Vol 153 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Weiss ◽  
Thomas Witt ◽  
Stefan Grau ◽  
Joerg-Christian Tonn
Keyword(s):  
Lung Infections ◽  
Motor Root

MICROPROPAGATION OF REHMANNIA GLUTINOSA AS MEDICINAL PLANT BY SHOOT TIP AND ROOT SEGMENT CULTURE

1995 ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.Y. Paek ◽  
K.J. Yu ◽  
S.I. Park ◽  
N.S. Sung ◽  
C.H. Park
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Root Segment ◽  
Rehmannia Glutinosa

Tonic and phasic synaptic input to spinal cord motoneurons during fictive locomotion in frog embryos

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1279-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Soffe ◽  
A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Synaptic Input ◽  
Inhibitory Interneurons ◽  
Fictive Locomotion ◽  
Inhibitory Pathway ◽  
Intact Side ◽  
Rhythmic Motor ◽  
Postsynaptic Potential ◽  
Late Developmental Stage ◽  
Motor Root

1. In curarized, late developmental stage Xenopus embryos, episodes of rhythmic motor root discharge, termed fictive swimming (17), may be evoked by touch or by dimming the lights, as in unparalyzed animals. Motoneurons are tonically depolarized throughout each episode, are phasically excited to fire 1 spike per cycle, and receive a midcycle inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) in phase with motor root activity on the opposite side. 2. Rostral hemisection of the spinal cord abolishes motor root discharge on the operated side caudal to the cut but leaves activity on the intact side unaffected. In motoneurons, the tonic depolarization is abolished on the hemisected side but is still present on the intact side. This is evidence that the tonic depolarization is a descending drive. 3. Midcycle IPSPs normally seen in motoneurons during fictive swimming are abolished by rostral hemisection of the opposite side of the cord but are still recorded on the cut side. The simplest conclusion is that the inhibitory interneurons responsible lie on the opposite side of the spinal cord to the motoneurons they inhibit, and so represent a reciprocal inhibitory pathway. 4. The phasic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), which drive motoneuron spikes during swimming, are still present on the intact side of a rostrally hemisected cord but are abolished on the operated side. We conclude that the excitatory interneurons responsible lie on the same side of the cord as the motoneurons they excite.

scholarly journals Formation of Annual Ring Eccentricity in Coarse Roots within the Root Cage of Pinus ponderosa Growing on Slopes

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Montagnoli ◽  
Bruno Lasserre ◽  
Gabriella Sferra ◽  
Donato Chiatante ◽  
Gabriella Stefania Scippa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Root System ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Root Segment ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Branching Point

The coarse roots of Pinus ponderosa included in the cage are the ones most involved in tree stability. This study explored the variations in traits, such as volume, cross-sectional area, and radius length of cage roots, and used those data to develop a mathematical model to better understand the type of forces occurring for each shallow lateral root segment belonging to different quadrants of the three-dimensional (3D) root system architecture. The pattern and intensity of these forces were modelled along the root segment from the branching point to the cage edge. Data of root cage volume in the upper 30 cm of soil showed a higher value in the downslope and windward quadrant while, at a deeper soil depth (>30 cm), we found higher values in both upslope and leeward quadrants. The analysis of radius length and the cross-sectional area of the shallow lateral roots revealed the presence of a considerable degree of eccentricity of the annual rings at the branching point and at the cage edge. This eccentricity is due to the formation of compression wood, and the eccentricity changes from the top portion at the branching point to the bottom portion at the cage edge, which we hypothesize may be a response to the variation in mechanical forces occurring in the various zones of the cage. This hypothesis is supported by a mathematical model that shows how the pattern and intensity of different types of mechanical forces are present within the various quadrants of the same root system from the taproot to the cage edge.

Magnetic-motor-root stimulation: Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 1055-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyuki Matsumoto ◽  
Ritsuko Hanajima ◽  
Yasuo Terao ◽  
Yoshikazu Ugawa
Keyword(s):  
Motor Root ◽  
Root Stimulation

Trigeminal evoked potential—monitored thermorhizotomy: a novel approach for relief of trigeminal pain

1996 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 929-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Leandri ◽  
Alberto Gottlieb
Keyword(s):  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Trigger Points ◽  
Bipolar Electrode ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Neurophysiological Data ◽  
Motor Root ◽  
Stimulation Of

✓ This paper presents a complete method for performing trigeminal thermorhizotomy, guided by neurophysiological data, to relieve tic douloureux. The method involves the use of trigeminal evoked potentials (TEPs) produced by stimulation of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental nerves and recorded from electrodes at both the scalp and the trigeminal nerve. To perform the thermorhizotomy, a cannula is modified to produce a concentric bipolar electrode that is suitable for both recording and lesion making. The operating procedure is divided into five steps: Step 1, recording of baseline scalp TEPs from the derivation of the cervical vertex to C-7 to ensure that all stimulating electrodes are correctly placed; Step 2, recording of TEPs from the trigeminal electrode after stimulation of the peripheral nerve trunks to ascertain the electrode's position relative to the root bundles; Step 3, fine positioning of the trigeminal electrode by recording the root activity evoked by stimulation of cutaneous trigger points or of the most painful areas; Step 4, assessing the position of the trigeminal electrode relative to the motor root by stimulating the nerve via the electrode and observing the masseter motor responses; and Step 5, recording scalp TEPs immediately before and after each thermolesion. Thermolesions are made until the scalp-recorded wave W2 decreases its amplitude by 20% to 50% of the original value or until it is delayed by 0.30 msec. This procedure has the potential to enable extremely precise monitoring of the position of the trigeminal electrode relative to the activated fibers and provides very effective monitoring of the extent of the lesion. The authors have performed this procedure with very satisfactory results in 30 patients with trigeminal neuralgia in the second branch.

Functional localization in the trigeminal root

1974 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valmore A. Pelletier ◽  
Dennis A. Poulos ◽  
Richard A. Lende
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Fossa ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Sensory Loss ◽  
Electrophysiological Recording ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Functional Localization ◽  
Separate Region ◽  
Trigeminal Root ◽  
Motor Root ◽  
Sensory Root

✓ The composition of the trigeminal root was determined in this study by a combination of electrophysiological recording and stimulation of dissected root fibers in macaques, evaluation of deficits in man after posterior fossa root section, and microdissection in man and macaque. The roots in man and macaque were found anatomically similar. The sensory root contained three distinguishable but overlapping divisions with fibers relating to various peripheral functions and surfaces mixed within each division; no separate region contained fibers of a particular function, and no pattern of somatotopic localization could be determined within a division. The motor root contained sensory proprioceptive fibers, activated by jaw movement, and were found closely intermingled with motor fibers in all fascicles dissected. Accessory fibers (Dandy) were present in all dissections in man and macaque. They contained the same motor and sensory elements as the motor root which they joined. Human partial root sections via the posterior fossa did not exclusively diminish any single sensory modality, and an explanation is offered for the observation that generous surgical sections often result in only slight sensory loss.

7. Magnetic lumbosacral motor root stimulation with a flat large round coil

2009 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. e148-e149
Author(s):  
Hideyuki Matsumoto ◽  
Fitri Octaviana ◽  
Ritsuko Hanajima ◽  
Yasuo Terao ◽  
Masashi Hamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Round ◽  
Motor Root ◽  
Root Stimulation

scholarly journals Morphological peculiarities of the trigeminal nerve roots and ganglia in human fetus

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Th. Dimitropoulou ◽  
C. Dănălache ◽  
P. Bordei ◽  
D.M Iliescu
Keyword(s):  
Trigeminal Ganglion ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Fiber Bundles ◽  
Trigeminal Ganglia ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Motor Root ◽  
Sensory Root

AbstractThe study of the intracranial traject of the trigeminal nerve was performed through a dissection of 40 human fetuses whose ages ranged between 4 and 9 months. We examined: the apparent origin of the nerve, the traject, stating the length and width of the roots and of the triangular plexus, the antero-posterior width of the trigeminal ganglion and its transverse diameter, measured between the two extremities (horns). The anatomical landmarks were considered left versus right for each fetus and the trigeminal ganglia were studied only in terms of macroscopy: form and relations. We found that the sensory root length increases greatly between the fourth and the fifth month (more than 1 mm), from six to seven months the root length present a stagnation and in the eighth month its increase in length is very significant, about 4 mm, while in the ninth month we also recorded an increase of about 2 mm. The motor root may have two separate fiber bundles, both as cylinders, which can be present from the apparent origin and up to the mandibular nerve; near their origin of the two bundles are separated by nervous tissue. The trigeminal ganglia has, most often, a semilunar aspect, thus justifying its name. Other times it may be irregular, triangular or quadrilateral (rectangular). There are situations when the trigeminal ganglion shows three lobes, each corresponding to one of its three terminal branches.

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