Rocks and ores in nature usually appear macro-anisotropic, especially in sedimentary areas with strong layering. This anisotropy will lead to false interpretation of electromagnetic (EM) data when inverted under the assumption of an isotropic earth. However, the time-domain (TD) airborne EM (AEM) inversion for an anisotropic model has not attracted much attention. To get reasonable inversion results from TD AEM data, we present in this paper the forward modeling and inversion methods based on a triaxial anisotropic model. We apply three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference on the secondary scattered electric field equation to calculate the frequency-domain (FD) EM responses, then we use the inverse Fourier transform and waveform convolution to obtain TD responses. For the regularized inversion, we calculate directly the sensitivities with respect to three diagonal conductivities and then use the Gauss–Newton (GN) optimization scheme to recover model parameters. To speed up the computation and to reduce the memory requirement, we adopt the moving footprint concept and separate the whole model into a series of small sub-models for the inversion. Finally, we compare our anisotropic inversion scheme with the isotropic one using both synthetic and field data. Numerical experiments show that the anisotropic inversion has inherent advantages over the isotropic ones, we can get more reasonable results for the anisotropic earth structures.
Evaluation of partial k-space strategies to speed up time-domain EPR imaging