Do professional norms in the medical industry favor outcome bias?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqian Fan ◽  
Qian Cao ◽  
Lin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Medical Industry ◽  
Professional Norms ◽  
Outcome Bias

Debiasing the Outcome Effect: The Role of Instructions in an Audit Litigation Setting

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Clarkson ◽  
Craig Emby ◽  
Vanessa W.-S. Watt
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Cognitive Components ◽  
Audit Judgment ◽  
Outcome Information ◽  
Audit Litigation ◽  
Outcome Bias ◽  
Biasing Effects ◽  
Judgment Setting

The outcome effect occurs where an evaluator, who has knowledge of the outcome of a judge's decision, assesses the quality of the judgment of that decision maker. If the evaluator has knowledge of a negative outcome, then that knowledge negatively influences his or her assessment of the ex ante judgment. For instance, jurors in a lawsuit brought against an auditor for alleged negligence are informed of an undetected fraud, even though an unqualified opinion was issued. This paper reports the results of an experiment in an applied audit judgment setting that examined methods of mitigating the outcome effect by means of instructions. The results showed that simply instructing or warning the evaluator about the potential biasing effects of outcome information was only weakly effective. However, instructions that stressed either (1) the cognitive nonnormativeness of the outcome effect or (2) the seriousness and gravity of the evaluation ameliorated the effect significantly. From a theoretical perspective, the results suggest that there may both motivational and cognitive components to the outcome effect. In all, the findings suggest awareness of the outcome effect and use of relatively nonintrusive instructions to evaluators may effectively counteract the potential for the outcome bias.

scholarly journals The Promoter, Celebrity, and Joker Roles in Journalists’ Social Media Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 205630512199064
Author(s):  
Claudia Mellado ◽  
Alfred Hermida
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Public Spheres ◽  
Professional Norms ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Media Performance

One of the main challenges of studying journalistic roles in social media practice is that the profession’s conceptual boundaries have become increasingly blurred. Social media has developed as a space used by audiences to consume, share, and discuss news and information, offering novel locations for journalists to intervene at professional and personal levels and in private and public spheres. This article takes the “journalistic ego” domain as its starting point to examine how journalists perform three specific roles on social media: the promoter, the celebrity, and the joker. To investigate these roles in journalistic performance, the article situates their emergence and operationalization in a broader epistemological context, examining how journalists engage with, contest, and/or diverge from different professional norms and practices, as well as the conflict between traditional and social media-specific roles of journalists.

scholarly journals New Gatekeepers in Town: How Groups in Social Networking Sites Influence Information Flows in Russia’s Provinces

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 205630512110132
Author(s):  
Olga Dovbysh
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Digital Space ◽  
Professional Norms ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Local Media ◽  
Mediated Discourse ◽  
Media Space ◽  
Grassroots Initiatives ◽  
Depth Interviews

The study focuses upon “city public groups” (“gorodskie pabliki,” local newsgroups on social networking sites)—the new entrants in the local media space of the Russian province that have recently become important actors of regional public communication. Such groups combine news posting and citizen discussions, report on local affairs and gossip, and entertain. Some groups are based on user-generated content; others create their own content or act as aggregators. Being non-registered and grassroots initiatives, these media enjoy higher freedom in comparison to official local newsrooms. Given the popularity of city public groups among local citizens and local authorities’ interest toward them, owners and moderators of these media are playing an influential role for local mediated discourse. Based on the gatekeeping theory and its extensions for digital space, this article explores the emerging roles of these new gatekeepers in the local communities. Based upon 28 in-depth interviews collected by the author in Russian towns in 2017–2018, the article also analyses the professional norms and values of the owners and moderators of local city groups that they employ to perform their gatekeeping function.

scholarly journals Feasibility Study of the Cranial Implant Fabricated without Supports in Electron Beam Melting

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 496
Author(s):  
Khaja Moiduddin ◽  
Syed Hammad Mian ◽  
Wadea Ameen ◽  
Hisham Alkhalefah ◽  
Abdul Sayeed
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Beam Melting ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Medical Industry ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Build Time ◽  
Cranial Implant ◽  
Cranial Implants ◽  
Fabrication Time

Additive manufacturing (AM), particularly electron beam melting (EBM), is becoming increasingly common in the medical industry because of its remarkable benefits. The application of personalized titanium alloy implants produced using EBM has received considerable attention in recent times due to their simplicity and efficacy. However, these tailored implants are not cost-effective, placing a tremendous strain on the patient. The use of additional materials as support during the manufacturing process is one of the key causes of its high cost. A lot of research has been done to lessen the use of supports through various types of support designs. There is indeed a noticeable paucity of studies in the literature that have examined customized implants produced without or minimal supports. This research, therefore, reports on the investigation of cranial implants fabricated with and without supports. The two personalized implants are evaluated in terms of their cost, fabrication time, and accuracy. The study showed impressive results for cranial implants manufactured without supports that cost 39% less than the implants with supports. Similarly, the implant’s (without supports) build time was 18% less than its equivalent with supports. The two implants also demonstrated similar fitting accuracy with 0.2613 mm error in the instance of implant built without supports and 0.2544 mm for the implant with supports. The results indicate that cranial implants can be produced without EBM supports, which can minimize both production time and cost substantially. However, the manufacture of other complex implants without supports needs further study. The future study also requires a detailed review of the mechanical and structural characteristics of cranial implants built without supports.

Method of Ginkgo biloba Drying and Drying Machine Design

2014 ◽  
Vol 541-542 ◽  
pp. 722-726
Author(s):  
Jun Ming Hou ◽  
De Xu Yang ◽  
Ke Jia Wu
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Heat And Mass Transfer ◽  
Convective Heat ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Medical Industry ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Machine Design ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Heat Transmission ◽  
Electrically Conducting

In this paper the drying process of ginkgo biloba is discussed. The process combined effect of convective Heat and mass transfer on hydromagnetic electrically conducting viscous, how to improve the ability of drying is an important problem. The heat transmission for drying process is discussed. The parameter of drying process is determined. The ginkgo biloba drying machine is developed and the key part of drying machine is designed. The whole drying machine is developed, which can enhance the ability of medical industry. The study can help the Optimization of drying process and the level of the ginkgo biloba drying.

Industry Watch

2004 ◽  
Vol 08 (20) ◽  
pp. 1099-1111
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Medical Industry ◽  
Phase I Clinical Trial ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Global Companies ◽  
Japan Tobacco ◽  
New Entry

New Entry to Australian Stock Exchange: Acrux. Peplin's Phase I Clinical Trial Completed. Prima BioMed & AstraZeneca in Licensing Agreement. Ultratech India Restrained from Tampering with Pfizer's Viagra Trademarks. India Offers Competitive New Drug Solutions. Rofecoxib Formulation Discontinued after Health Ministry's Ban. GSK Focuses on In-licensing for Other Global Companies in India. Forthcoming Pharmaceutical Hub in Bengal. Upcoming Medical Industry Zone in Japan. Roche and Japan Tobacco in Licensing Collaboration for Potential Dyslipidemia Therapy. Tapping on Nature for Drugs.

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