Fatty Acyl Synthetases and Thioesterases in Plant Lipid Metabolism: Diverse Functions and Biotechnological Applications

Lipids ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-455
Author(s):  
Rebecca S. Kalinger ◽  
Ian P. Pulsifer ◽  
Shelley R. Hepworth ◽  
Owen Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Biotechnological Applications ◽  
Plant Lipid

scholarly journals Inhibitors of VPS34 and lipid metabolism suppress SARS-CoV-2 replication

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesus A. Silvas ◽  
Alexander S. Jureka ◽  
Anthony M. Nicolini ◽  
Stacie A. Chvatal ◽  
Christopher F. Basler
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthetase ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Membrane Dynamics ◽  
Epithelial Cell Line ◽  
Airway Epithelial ◽  
Virus Growth ◽  
Membrane Biology ◽  
Triacsin C

ABSTRACTTherapeutics targeting replication of SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are urgently needed. Coronaviruses rely on host membranes for entry, establishment of replication centers and egress. Compounds targeting cellular membrane biology and lipid biosynthetic pathways have previously shown promise as antivirals and are actively being pursued as treatments for other conditions. Here, we tested small molecule inhibitors that target membrane dynamics or lipid metabolism. Included were inhibitors of the PI3 kinase VPS34, which functions in autophagy, endocytosis and other processes; Orlistat, an inhibitor of lipases and fatty acid synthetase, is approved by the FDA as a treatment for obesity; and Triacsin C which inhibits long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetases. VPS34 inhibitors, Orlistat and Triacsin C inhibited virus growth in Vero E6 cells and in the human airway epithelial cell line Calu-3, acting at a post-entry step in the virus replication cycle. Of these the VPS34 inhibitors exhibit the most potent activity.

scholarly journals In Vitro Growth Conditions Boost Plant Lipid Remodelling and Influence Their Composition

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2326
Author(s):  
Sylwia Klińska ◽  
Sara Kędzierska ◽  
Katarzyna Jasieniecka-Gazarkiewicz ◽  
Antoni Banaś
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Plant Lipid ◽  
Acyl Lipid ◽  
Genetic Modifications ◽  
Acyl Lipids ◽  
In Vivo Growth ◽  
The Impact

Acyl-lipids are vital components for all life functions of plants. They are widely studied using often in vitro conditions to determine inter alia the impact of genetic modifications and the description of biochemical and physiological functions of enzymes responsible for acyl-lipid metabolism. What is currently lacking is knowledge of if these results also hold in real environments—in in vivo conditions. Our study focused on the comparative analysis of both in vitro and in vivo growth conditions and their impact on the acyl-lipid metabolism of Camelina sativa leaves. The results indicate that in vitro conditions significantly decreased the lipid contents and influenced their composition. In in vitro conditions, galactolipid and trienoic acid (16:3 and 18:3) contents significantly declined, indicating the impairment of the prokaryotic pathway. Discrepancies also exist in the case of acyl-CoA:lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLATs). Their activity increased about 2–7 times in in vitro conditions compared to in vivo. In vitro conditions also substantially changed LPLATs’ preferences towards acyl-CoA. Additionally, the acyl editing process was three times more efficient in in vitro leaves. The provided evidence suggests that the results of acyl-lipid research from in vitro conditions may not completely reflect and be directly applicable in real growth environments.

scholarly journals Plasma lipidomic profiling in murine mutants of Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome reveals differential changes in pro- and anti-atherosclerotic lipids

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Ma ◽  
Raoxu Wang ◽  
Sin Man Lam ◽  
Chang Zhang ◽  
Guanghou Shui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Arterial Wall ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Mutant Mice ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
Hermansky Pudlak Syndrome

Abstract Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of lipid-rich plaques in the arterial wall. Its pathogenesis is very complicated and has not yet been fully elucidated. It is known that dyslipidemia is a major factor in atherosclerosis. Several different Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS) mutant mice have been shown either anti-atherosclerotic or atherogenic phenotypes, which may be mainly attributed to corresponding lipid perturbation. To explore the effects of different HPS proteins on lipid metabolism and plasma lipid composition, we analyzed the plasma lipid profiles of three HPS mutant mice, pa (Hps9−/−), ru (Hps6−/−), ep (Hps1−/−), and wild-type (WT) mice. In pa and ru mice, some pro-atherosclerotic lipids, e.g. ceramide (Cer) and diacylglycerol (DAG), were down-regulated whereas triacylglycerol (TAG) containing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22:6) fatty acyl was up-regulated when compared with WT mice. Several pro-atherosclerotic lipids including phosphatidic acid (PA), lysophosphatidylserine (LPS), sphingomyelin (SM), and cholesterol (Cho) were up-regulated in ep mice compared with WT mice. The lipid droplets in hepatocytes showed corresponding changes in these mutants. Our data suggest that the pa mutant resembles the ru mutant in its anti-atherosclerotic effects, but the ep mutant has an atherogenic effect. Our findings may provide clues to explain why different HPS mutant mice exhibit distinct anti-atherosclerotic or atherogenic effects after being exposed to high-cholesterol diets.

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