scholarly journals A cascade model of complex posttraumatic stress disorder centered on childhood trauma and maltreatment, attachment, and socio‐interpersonal factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Maercker ◽  
Florence Bernays ◽  
Shauna L. Rohner ◽  
Myriam V. Thoma
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Cascade Model ◽  
Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Interpersonal Factors

scholarly journals The factor structure of complex posttraumatic stress disorder in traumatized refugees

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 33253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Nickerson ◽  
Marylene Cloitre ◽  
Richard A Bryant ◽  
Ulrich Schnyder ◽  
Naser Morina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

scholarly journals Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder modulate polygenic predictors of hippocampal and amygdala volume

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanchao Zheng ◽  
Melanie E. Garrett ◽  
Delin Sun ◽  
Emily K. Clarke-Rubright ◽  
Courtney C. Haswell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Polygenic Scores ◽  
Amygdala Volume ◽  
Subcortical Volumes

AbstractThe volume of subcortical structures represents a reliable, quantitative, and objective phenotype that captures genetic effects, environmental effects such as trauma, and disease effects such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Trauma and PTSD represent potent exposures that may interact with genetic markers to influence brain structure and function. Genetic variants, associated with subcortical volumes in two large normative discovery samples, were used to compute polygenic scores (PGS) for the volume of seven subcortical structures. These were applied to a target sample enriched for childhood trauma and PTSD. Subcortical volume PGS from the discovery sample were strongly associated in our trauma/PTSD enriched sample (n = 7580) with respective subcortical volumes of the hippocampus (p = 1.10 × 10−20), thalamus (p = 7.46 × 10−10), caudate (p = 1.97 × 10−18), putamen (p = 1.7 × 10−12), and nucleus accumbens (p = 1.99 × 10−7). We found a significant association between the hippocampal volume PGS and hippocampal volume in control subjects from our sample, but was absent in individuals with PTSD (GxE; (beta = −0.10, p = 0.027)). This significant GxE (PGS × PTSD) relationship persisted (p < 1 × 10−19) in four out of five threshold peaks (0.024, 0.133, 0.487, 0.730, and 0.889) used to calculate hippocampal volume PGSs. We detected similar GxE (G × ChildTrauma) relationships in the amygdala for exposure to childhood trauma (rs4702973; p = 2.16 × 10−7) or PTSD (rs10861272; p = 1.78 × 10−6) in the CHST11 gene. The hippocampus and amygdala are pivotal brain structures in mediating PTSD symptomatology. Trauma exposure and PTSD modulate the effect of polygenic markers on hippocampal volume (GxE) and the amygdala volume PGS is associated with PTSD risk, which supports the role of amygdala volume as a risk factor for PTSD.

Foundations of posttraumatic stress disorder: Does early life trauma lead to adult posttraumatic stress disorder?

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura C. Pratchett ◽  
Rachel Yehuda
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Childhood Abuse ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Early Life Trauma ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe effects of childhood abuse are diverse, and although pathology is not the only outcome, psychiatric illness, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), can develop. However, adult PTSD is less common among those who experienced single-event traumas as children than it is among those who experienced childhood abuse. In addition, PTSD is more common among adults than children who experienced childhood abuse. Such evidence raises doubt about the direct, causal link between childhood trauma and adult PTSD. The experience of childhood trauma, and in particular abuse, has been identified as a risk factor for subsequent development of PTSD following exposure to adult trauma, and a substantial literature identifies revictimization as a factor that plays a pivotal role in this trajectory. The literature on the developmental effects of childhood abuse and pathways to revictimization, when considered in tandem with the biological effects of early stress in animal models, may provide some explanations for this. Specifically, it seems possible that permanent sensitization of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and behavioral outcomes are a consequence of childhood abuse, and these combine with the impact of retraumatization to sustain, perpetuate, and amplify symptomatology of those exposed to maltreatment in childhood.

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