FTIR spectroscopy as a tool to detect contamination of rocket (Eruca sativaandDiplotaxis tenuifolia) salad with common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) leaves

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 2238-2244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meta Kokalj ◽  
Marcel Prikeržnik ◽  
Samo Kreft
Keyword(s):  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
Common Groundsel

scholarly journals First Occurrence of a Rust Fungus on English Daisy (Bellis perennis) in North America

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 562-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Koike ◽  
M. Scholler ◽  
Arthur Herbaria ◽  
Kriebel Herbaria
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
First Record ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
Common Groundsel

English daisy (Bellis perennis, family Asteraceae) is a flowering plant native to Europe. It is widely used as an ornamental in North America but is also a weed in lawns in the western and eastern United States. In December 2000, plants growing in urban landscapes in Monterey County, CA, were infected with rust. Orange aecia containing aeciospores that measured 14 to 18 × 12.5 to 15 μm developed profusely on leaves. Severely diseased leaves wilted and collapsed. Other spore states (pycnia, uredosori, and telia) were not observed. Based on the size and ornamentation of the aeciospores, reduced white peridium, apperance of the peridial cells, and arrangement of sori, we identified the pathogen as Puccinia lagenophorae Cooke (1,3), a rust fungus native to Australia and New Zealand that since 1960 has been introduced to other continents (2). On English daisy, the disease has been reported only in Australia and Europe (1). The pathogen also occurs on numerous other plants of the subfamily Asteroideae (family Asteraceae) (2). The occurrence of P. lagenophorae on English daisy follows the recent, first-time detection of the same pathogen on common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) in California (3). To test cross infectivity, a spore suspension of a rust isolate from common groundsel was prepared and applied to various ornamental plants known to be hosts of P. lagenophorae. Inoculated plants were kept in a humidity chamber for 48 h, then maintained in a greenhouse. After 9 to 14 days, aecia developed on English daisy, cineraria (S. cruentus), and common groundsel but did not develop on dusty miller (S. cineraria) or pot marigold (Calendula officinalis). In addition, a single telium, surrounded by aecia, was observed on one of the infected English daisy plants. The telium contained two-celled teliospores that measured 31 to 36.5 × 16 to 19 (-22) μm and one-celled mesospores that measured 22 to 34 × 13.5 to 16 μm. At point of attachment, the widths of the stalks measured 7 to 8.5 (-9.5) μm. Some of the spores had surface ridges. The morphological features of the telio- and mesospores agree with those described for P. lagenophorae. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first record of a rust fungus on English daisy in North America. The inoculation experiments indicated that the rusts on English daisy and common groundsel are not biologically separated, casting doubt on the taxonomic concept of Weber et al. (4) that considered the rust on English daisy to be a distinct species, P. distincta McAlpine (although they did not examine type material of either P. lagenophorae or P. distincta). References: (1) M. Scholler. Sydowia 49:174, 1997. (2) M. Scholler. J. Plant Dis. Prot. 105:239, 1998. (3) M. Scholler and S. T. Koike. Plant Dis. 85:335, 2001. (4) R. W. S. Weber et al. Mycol. Res. 102:1227, 1998.

Herbicides for Container Grown Nursery Stock

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Poa Annua ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Common Groundsel

Over a 3-yr period 10 herbicides were tested alone or in combination for control of weeds and for effects on growth of nursery stock in containers. Annual bluegrass (Poa annuaL.) was controlled by norea [3-(hexahydro-4,7-methanoindan-5-yl)-1,1-dimethylurea], alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide], and combinations of diphenamid (N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamid), trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), and nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline] plus simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine]. Bittercress (Cardamine oligospermaNutt.) was controlled by simazine, oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one], and norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone]. Mouseear chickweed (Cerastium vulgatumL.) was controlled by dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) and norflurazon, and common groundsel (Senecio vulgarisL.) was controlled by dichlobenil and norflurazon. Some of the treatments decreased growth of certain nursery cultivars.

Studies on the Mechanism ofs-Triazine Resistance in Common Groundsel

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Radosevich ◽  
O. T. Devilliers
Keyword(s):  
Rna Synthesis ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Photochemical Activity ◽  
Triazine Resistance ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Common Groundsel

The distribution of simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] in whole plants and the effect of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] on isolated leaf cells and chloroplasts of two biotypes of common groundsel (Senecio vulgarisL.) were studied. Both biotypes accumulated14C at the leaf margins 60 hr after exposure of roots to14C-simazine. No difference in herbicide distribution between the two biotypes was observed. Atrazine (10 μM) inhibited photosynthesis, RNA synthesis, and lipid synthesis in isolated susceptible (S) cells but not resistant (R) cells. Lipid synthesis in S cells but not R cells was enhanced by exposure to 1 and 0.1 μM atrazine for 1 hr. Photochemical activity of R chloroplasts was not inhibited by atrazine but S chloroplasts were severely inhibited.

A Method for Identification of Triazine Resistant and Susceptible Biotypes of Several Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Hensley
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Quick Method ◽  
Amaranthus Hybridus ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Leaf Discs ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Common Groundsel ◽  
Smooth Pigweed ◽  
Phosphate Medium

A simple and quick method is described for identifying biotypes of common groundsel (Senecio vulgarisL.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.), and smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridusL.) that are resistant or susceptible to triazine herbicides. Leaf discs (3 mm diam) from the tested plants were vacuum infiltrated with a phosphate medium and exposed to a 3-klux light source. When 1.0 × 10−5M and higher levels of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) were present, the leaf discs from susceptible biotypes failed to float to the surface, whereas the leaf discs from resistant biotypes floated within 1 h. The urea herbicide, fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] inhibited the floating of leaf discs from both the triazine-susceptible and triazine-resistant biotypes. This method can be used to evaluate large numbers of plants to determine if they are resistant or susceptible to triazines without destroying the plants or preventing seed production.

Bromoxynil-Resistant Common Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris)

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Mallory-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Field Conditions ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
Common Groundsel

Resistance to bromoxynil and terbacil was confirmed in common groundsel collected from peppermint (Mentha piperita) fields in Oregon. This is the first reported case of a bromoxynil-resistant weed selected under field conditions. The bromoxynil rate required to reduce growth by 50% was 10 times higher for the resistant biotype than for the susceptible biotype. The bromoxynil-resistant biotype also was resistant to terbacil.

scholarly journals Tolerance of Woody Nursery Stock to Classic (chlorimuron) and Harmony (thiameturon)

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
Jeffrey F. Derr
Keyword(s):  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Juniperus Chinensis ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Foliar Damage ◽  
Common Groundsel

Abstract Classic and Harmony applied at rates ranging from 0.009 kg ai/ha (0.008 lb ai/A) to 0.067 kg/ha (0.06 lb/A) provided excellent preemergence and postemergence control of common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.) 5 weeks after application to container-grown nursery plants. Classic at 0.034 kg/ha (0.03 lb/A) and 0.067 kg/ha (0.06 lb/A) reduced yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) growth by 50 to 77% 5 weeks after preemergence or postemergence treatments. Harmony did not affect yellow nutsedge from either type of application. ‘Seagreen’ juniper (Juniperus chinensis L.), ‘Blue Pacific’ juniper (Juniperus conferta Parl.) and ‘Bennetts Compacta’ holly (Ilex crenata Thunb.) tolerated all rates of Classic and Harmony. ‘Girard's Rose’ (Rhododendron kaempferi Planch.) and ‘Coral Bells’ azale(Rhododendron obtusum (Lindl.) Planch.), and redtip photinia (Photinia × Fraseri Dress) were initially injured by these herbicides, but outgrew the foliar damage.

scholarly journals Effects of Dinitroaniline Herbicides on Root Development in Containers

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 845A-845
Author(s):  
Hannah M. Mathers ◽  
Luke T. Case* ◽  
Jennifer A. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Common Groundsel ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

DNA herbicides are the most commonly used preemergents in container nursery crops. The objectives of this study were: 1) to investigate differences between DNA herbicide applied as granulars, directed sprays, or in combination with mulch (pine nuggets and cypress) on Taxus, Azalea and and Ilex root development; and, 2) to compare efficacy of the above treatments on common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris), large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), and annual bluegrass (Poa annua). The granular formulations tested were Barricade 65 WG (prodiamine) at 2.0 lbs active ingredient per acre (a.i./ac) and Treflan TR10 (trifluralin) at 2.0 lbs a.i./ac. The liquid formulations that were used as direct sprays and to treat the mulches were Surflan 4 AS (oryzalin) at 2.0 lbs ai/ac and Pendulum 3.8 CS (pendimethalin) at 3.0 lbs a.i./ac. Evaluations of phytotoxicity and efficacy were taken as rated scores, dry weights, and leaf area measures. Evaluations were taken at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after treatment (DAT). Efficacy ratings were based on a 0-10 scale with zero being no control, 10 perfect control and 7 commercially acceptable. By 120 DAT, none of the treatments were commercially acceptable. Root (1.52 g) and shoot (3.75 g) weights indicate that Ilex was stunted the most vs. the control (2.42 g roots and 4.87 g shoots) by the direct spray of Pendulum 2X. The Azalea was most effected by the granular application of Barricade at the 2X rate (1.72 g for roots, 4.44 g for shoots) vs. the control (2.23 g for roots, 5.83 g for shoots). Taxus roots were most stunted by Treflan 1X (0.81 g) vs. control (1.01 g). Shoot weights were the lowest with Cypress+1X Pendulum (0.90 g), vs. the control (0.96 g); however, the Treflan 1X treatment gave the second lowest shoot weight for Taxus (0.91 g).

scholarly journals Pyrrolizidine alkaloid variation in Senecio vulgaris populations from native and invasive ranges

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dandan Cheng ◽  
Viet-Thang Nguyen ◽  
Noel Ndihokubwayo ◽  
Jiwen Ge ◽  
Patrick P.J. Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid ◽  
Defense Compounds ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
Introduced Plants ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Plant Herbivore Interaction ◽  
Alien Invasive Plants ◽  
Plant Herbivore ◽  
Common Groundsel

Biological invasion is regarded as one of the greatest environmental problems facilitated by globalization. Some hypotheses about the invasive mechanisms of alien invasive plants consider the plant–herbivore interaction and the role of plant defense in this interaction. For example, the “Shift Defense Hypothesis” (SDH) argues that introduced plants evolve higher levels of qualitative defense chemicals and decreased levels of quantitative defense, as they are released of the selective pressures from specialist herbivores but still face attack from generalists. Common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris), originating from Europe, is a cosmopolitan invasive plant in temperate regions. As in other Senecio species, S. vulgaris contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) as characteristic qualitative defense compounds. In this study, S. vulgaris plants originating from native and invasive ranges (Europe and China, respectively) were grown under identical conditions and harvested upon flowering. PA composition and concentration in shoot and root samples were determined using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We investigated the differences between native and invasive S. vulgaris populations with regard to quantitative and qualitative variation of PAs. We identified 20 PAs, among which senecionine, senecionine N-oxide, integerrimine N-oxide and seneciphylline N-oxide were dominant in the roots. In the shoots, in addition to the 4 PAs dominant in roots, retrorsine N-oxide, spartioidine N-oxide and 2 non-identified PAs were also prevalent. The roots possessed a lower PA diversity but a higher total PA concentration than the shoots. Most individual PAs as well as the total PA concentration were strongly positively correlated between the roots and shoots. Both native and invasive S. vulgaris populations shared the pattern described above. However, there was a slight trend indicating lower PA diversity and lower total PA concentration in invasive S. vulgaris populations than native populations, which is not consistent with the prediction of SDH.

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