cDNA for phytoene desaturase inDunaliella salina and its expressed protein as indicators of phylogenetic position of the β-carotene biosynthetic pathway

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (9) ◽  
pp. 1772-1777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue-Hui Zhu ◽  
Jian-Guo Jiang ◽  
Xin-Wen Chen
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Phytoene Desaturase ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Β Carotene

scholarly journals Carotenoids from Cyanobacteria: Biotechnological Potential and Optimization Strategies

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 735
Author(s):  
Fernando Pagels ◽  
Vitor Vasconcelos ◽  
Ana Catarina Guedes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Protein Complex ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Biotechnological Potential ◽  
Photosynthetic Organisms ◽  
Orange Carotenoid Protein ◽  
Β Carotene

Carotenoids are tetraterpenoids molecules present in all photosynthetic organisms, responsible for better light-harvesting and energy dissipation in photosynthesis. In cyanobacteria, the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids is well described, and apart from the more common compounds (e.g., β-carotene, zeaxanthin, and echinenone), specific carotenoids can also be found, such as myxoxanthophyll. Moreover, cyanobacteria have a protein complex called orange carotenoid protein (OCP) as a mechanism of photoprotection. Although cyanobacteria are not the organism of choice for the industrial production of carotenoids, the optimisation of their production and the evaluation of their bioactive capacity demonstrate that these organisms may indeed be a potential candidate for future pigment production in a more environmentally friendly and sustainable approach of biorefinery. Carotenoids-rich extracts are described as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumoral agents and are proposed for feed and cosmetical industries. Thus, several strategies for the optimisation of a cyanobacteria-based bioprocess for the obtention of pigments were described. This review aims to give an overview of carotenoids from cyanobacteria not only in terms of their chemistry but also in terms of their biotechnological applicability and the advances and the challenges in the production of such compounds.

scholarly journals Stereoisomers of Colourless Carotenoids from the Marine Microalga Dunaliella salina

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Mazzucchi ◽  
Yanan Xu ◽  
Patricia Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Dunaliella Salina ◽  
Light Stress ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Phytoene Desaturase ◽  
Cell Factory ◽  
Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Marine Microalga ◽  
Β Carotene

Carotenoids comprise a diverse range of naturally occurring stereoisomers, which differ in their physico-chemical properties. Their biosynthesis begins with phytoene, which is a rarity among carotenoids because it is colourless. Phytoene is sought after as a skin protectant against harmful UV range B (290–320 nm) and C (100–290 nm) light, and as a natural skin-whitening agent and is synthesized from geranylgeranyl diphosphate. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate is catalysed by phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase to phytoene and phytofluene, respectively. The subsequent steps involve desaturation, isomerisation and cyclisation reactions to form α- and β-carotene stereoisomers, via all-trans lycopene. The marine microalga Dunaliella salina is the richest source of β-carotene, but it can accumulate phytoene and phytofluene as well. In the present study, different analytical tools including High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Ultra-Performance Convergence Chromatography (UPC2-MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) were used to characterize and quantify the phytoene isomeric configurations in D. salina in order to explore both the feasibility of D. salina as a cell factory for phytoene production and to gain new insight into the carotenoid synthesis pathway in D. salina. D. salina, similar to tomato, produced predominantly 15-cis phytoene isomer (>98%) and a trace amount of all-trans phytoene (<2%). High light stress, red light stress, or use of a phytoene desaturase inhibitor or a mitotic disrupter herbicide led to the accumulation of 15-cis phytoene but not all-trans phytoene. 9-cis phytoene was not detected in any of the extracts of D. salina biomass. Our main findings suggest that 15-cis phytoene is the most abundant isomer in D. salina and that it is subject to a series of isomerisation and desaturation reactions to form all-trans and 9-cis β-carotene.

The use of 18S ribosomal DNA, ITS and rbcL molecular markers to study the genus Dunaliella (Dunaliellaceae) in Iranian samples: A phylogenetic approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-98
Author(s):  
Jaber Dehghani ◽  
Ehsan Atazadeh ◽  
Yadollah Omidi ◽  
Ali Movafeghi
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Biotechnological Potential ◽  
Rdna Its ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Good Expression ◽  
Β Carotene

AbstractThe microalga Dunaliella has been the focus of attention over recent decades owing to its high biotechnological potential for the production of β-carotene, biofuels and even as a good expression system for the production of recombinant proteins. Different species of this genus have unique features, biological characteristics and biotechnological potential. Therefore, it is necessary to have a clear and reliable taxonomic method to identify different species of Dunaliella. Although several taxonomic systems are available for Dunaliella based on morphological, physiological and molecular features, none of these methods are reliable enough and some controversies exist over different classification systems. In the current study, molecular techniques and bioinformatics tools have been used to re-assess the phylogenetic position of Dunaliella species based on 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA), ITS and rbcL regions. The overall findings based on these markers provide a new and more reliable tool for phylogenetic analysis of Dunaliella species/strains.

Cloning and characterization of a maize cDNA encoding phytoene desaturase, an enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou-Hui Li ◽  
Paul D. Matthews ◽  
Benjamin Burr ◽  
Eleanore T. Wurtzel
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Phytoene Desaturase ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthetic Pathway

The discovery and structural requirements of inhibitors of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 601-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Lee ◽  
Michael P. Prisbylla ◽  
Thomas H. Cromartie ◽  
Derek P. Dagarin ◽  
Stott W. Howard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Phytoene Desaturase ◽  
Rat Urine ◽  
Meristematic Tissue ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Mammalian Enzyme ◽  
Unique Mechanism

The benzoylcyclohexane-1,3-diones, the triketones, are potent bleaching herbicides whose structure-activity relationships and physical properties are substantially different from classical bleaching herbicides, which affect phytoene desaturase. The first clue to their unique mechanism of action was the discovery that rats treated with a triketone were found to be tyrosinemic. Additionally, examination of the rat urine revealed the accumulation of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPP) and p-hydroxyphenyllactate. These results suggested that this chemically induced tyrosinemia was the result of the inhibition of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD, EC 1.13.11.27), and this suggestion was confirmed when a triketone was shown to be a potent inhibitor of rat liver HPPD. In plants, HPPD is a component of the biosynthetic pathway to plastoquinone (PQ), which in turn is a key cofactor of phytoene desaturase. The expectation that triketone-treated plants should accumulate tyrosine while having reduced PQ levels was dramatically demonstrated in the meristematic tissue of ivyleaf morningglory. Plant HPPD, like the mammalian enzyme, was inhibited in vitro by triketones. These biochemical effects provide evidence that the triketone herbicidal mechanism of action is HPPD inhibition leading to a deficiency of PQ, a key cofactor for carotenoid biosynthesis. Other chemical classes of bleaching herbicides were also examined for their ability to elevate tyrosine and deplete PQ as a definitive means of establishing their mode of action and for delineating the structural and physical chemical requirements for an HPPD herbicide. Evidence is provided to support the claim that a 2-benzoylethen-1-ol substructure is the minimum substructure required for a potent HPPD inhibitor.

Pigments and isoprenoid compounds in extremely and moderately halophilic bacteria

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Kushwaha ◽  
M. B. Gochnauer ◽  
D. J. Kushner ◽  
M. Kates
Keyword(s):  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Halophilic Bacteria ◽  
Extreme Halophiles ◽  
Moderately Halophilic ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Moderately Halophilic Bacteria

Quantitative measurements were carried out on pigmented and colorless isoprenoid compounds in several species of extremely and moderately halophilic bacteria. Phytoene was found in most extreme halophiles; it was present in high concentrations in a moderately halophilic coccus (H5) and absent from a moderately halophilic rod (A31C). Only the pigmented extreme halophiles contained β-carotene. Halobacterium cutirubrum contained substantial amounts of lycopene; this compound was present only in small amounts or missing from the other bacteria. Though lycopene is a precursor of β-carotene in plants, there was no correlation between the amounts of lycopene and β-carotene in the different bacterial species. C50 pigments (bacterioruberins) were found only in pigmented extreme halophiles. There was no consistent correlation between the amounts of C40 and C50 compounds in these bacteria. This suggests that the latter may have a biosynthetic pathway independent of the former.Squalene, dihydrosqualene, and tetrahydrosqualene were found in most of the bacteria studied. Menaquinone was found in all species, except the moderately halophilic rod A31C which contained ubiquinone instead. The visual pigment retinal was found in most of the pigmented extreme halophiles, but was not detected in the moderate halophiles.

scholarly journals Deviation of the neurosporaxanthin pathway towards β-carotene biosynthesis inFusarium fujikuroiby a point mutation in the phytoene desaturase gene

FEBS Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (16) ◽  
pp. 4582-4597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Prado-Cabrero ◽  
Patrick Schaub ◽  
Violeta Díaz-Sánchez ◽  
Alejandro F. Estrada ◽  
Salim Al-Babili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Mutation ◽  
Phytoene Desaturase ◽  
Desaturase Gene ◽  
Β Carotene

scholarly journals Carotenoids of Gemmatimonas aurantiaca (Gemmatimonadetes): identification of a novel carotenoid, deoxyoscillol 2-rhamnoside, and proposed biosynthetic pathway of oscillol 2,2′-dirhamnoside

Microbiology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 156 (3) ◽  
pp. 757-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichi Takaichi ◽  
Takashi Maoka ◽  
Kazuto Takasaki ◽  
Satoshi Hanada
Keyword(s):  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Spectral Data ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Mevalonate Pathway ◽  
Phytoene Desaturase ◽  
Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase ◽  
First Finding ◽  
Entire Nucleotide Sequence

Gemmatimonas aurantiaca strain T-27T is an orange-coloured, Gram-negative, facultatively aerobic, polyphosphate-accumulating bacterium belonging to a recently proposed phylum, Gemmatimonadetes. We purified its pigments and identified them as carotenoids and their glycoside derivatives using spectral data. The major carotenoid was (2S,2′S)-oscillol 2,2′-di-(α-l-rhamnoside), and the minor carotenoids were (2S)-deoxyoscillol 2-(α-l-rhamnoside) and didemethylspirilloxanthin. Deoxyoscillol2-rhamnoside is a novel carotenoid. Oscillol 2,2′-diglycosides have hitherto only been reported in a limited number of cyanobacteria, and this is believed to be the first finding of such carotenoids in another bacterial phylum. Based on the identification of the carotenoids and the completion of the entire nucleotide sequence, we propose a biosynthetic pathway for the carotenoids and the corresponding genes and enzymes. We propose the involvement of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (CrtE), phytoene synthase (CrtB) and phytoene desaturase (CrtI) for lycopene synthesis; and of carotenoid1,2-hydratase (CruF) and carotenoid 2-O-rhamnosyltransferase (CruG) for oscillol 2,2′-dirhamnoside synthesis. Further, isopentenyl pyrophosphate could be synthesized by a non-mevalonate pathway (DXP pathway).

scholarly journals β-Ionone: Its Occurrence and Biological Function and Metabolic Engineering

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 754
Author(s):  
Antonello Paparella ◽  
Liora Shaltiel-Harpaza ◽  
Mwafaq Ibdah
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase ◽  
Defense Compounds ◽  
Plant Volatile ◽  
Anticancer Treatment ◽  
Insect Attractant ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Β Carotene

β-Ionone is a natural plant volatile compound, and it is the 9,10 and 9’,10’ cleavage product of β-carotene by the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase. β-Ionone is widely distributed in flowers, fruits, and vegetables. β-Ionone and other apocarotenoids comprise flavors, aromas, pigments, growth regulators, and defense compounds; serve as ecological cues; have roles as insect attractants or repellants, and have antibacterial and fungicidal properties. In recent years, β-ionone has also received increased attention from the biomedical community for its potential as an anticancer treatment and for other human health benefits. However, β-ionone is typically produced at relatively low levels in plants. Thus, expressing plant biosynthetic pathway genes in microbial hosts and engineering the metabolic pathway/host to increase metabolite production is an appealing alternative. In the present review, we discuss β-ionone occurrence, the biological activities of β-ionone, emphasizing insect attractant/repellant activities, and the current strategies and achievements used to reconstruct enzyme pathways in microorganisms in an effort to to attain higher amounts of the desired β-ionone.

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