Effects of direct drilling and shallow cultivation on the nutrient content of shoots of winter wheat and spring barley on clay soils during an unusually dry season

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Q. Cannell ◽  
John P. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Direct Drilling

scholarly journals Long-term effect of farming systems on the yield of crop rotation and soil nutrient content

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
INDREK KERES ◽  
Maarika Alaru ◽  
Viacheslav Eremeev ◽  
Liina Talgre ◽  
Anne Luik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Wheat Field

The effects of organic (manure, cover crop) and mineral fertilisers on total yield, soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) dynamics and soil pH changes were studied over 10 years. Five field crops (spring barley, red clover, winter wheat, field pea, potato) were grown organically and conventionally in rotation. The total yield of the five crops fertilized similarly was 24–25% higher in conventionally fertilised treatments than in organic treatments. The higher yielding conventionally fertilised treatments (annual total yield 29.0–29.8 t ha–1) removed 12–18 kg ha–1 P and 45–73 kg ha–1 K per year, which was respectively 28–35% and 28–40% higher than organic treatments. The soil became more acidic in the conventional system (pH 5.4–5.9 versus 5.9–6.3). The highest annual P and K uptake was by potato, followed by winter wheat. Use of winter cover crops and composted cattle manure in the organic system did not maintain the levels of P and K in the soil at baseline.

Review of experiments on reduced cultivation and direct drilling in the United Kingdom, 1957–1974

1975 ◽  
Vol 8 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 216-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
D B Davies ◽  
R Q Cannell
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Yield Difference ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Direct Drilling

In early experiments, before 1970, average yields of winter wheat and spring barley after direct drilling or shallow cultivation were less than after ploughing, but, in later experiments, there was little yield difference compared with ploughing. Direct drilling of forage brassicae and oilseed rape has become commercially important in the United Kingdom without much experimental work.

Comparison of direct drilling, reduced cultivation and ploughing on the growth of cereals

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 677-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Pollard ◽  
J. G. Elliott ◽  
F. B. Ellis ◽  
B. T. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Primary Tillage ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Barley Population

SUMMARYThe results are reported of two experiments made on a silt loam soil over chalk on downland in southern England. Three primary tillage treatments (ploughing, deep or shallow tine cultivation) were compared with direct drilling for their effects on the growth of spring barley during the years 1969–74 and winter wheat during 1974–8.No significant differences in barley population density or early growth were recorded. In the first 2 years more grain was produced on the shallow tined and direct-drilled plots than on those that were ploughed, but the differences did not persist into subsequent years. The mean yield of each treatment over the 4 years did not differ.Significant differences in population density and winter mortality of wheat occurred but these were not consistently associated with differences in yield. In this crop also the mean yields of the cultivation treatments over the 4 years were not significantly different.It is concluded that choice of primary tillage system on this chalk downland soil was not a significant factor in the production of either spring barley or winter wheat.

Comparison of direct drilling, reduced cultivation and ploughing on the growth of cereals: 3. Winter wheat and spring barley on a calcareous clay

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. Ellis ◽  
J. G. Elliott ◽  
F. Pollard ◽  
R. Q. Cannell ◽  
B. T. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Uncultivated Soil ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Uncultivated Land ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

SUMMARYMouldboard ploughing, deep and shallow tined cultivation followed by conventional seed-bed preparation, and direct drilling were compared from 1972 to 1976 on a calcareous clay soil in two experiments, one on winter wheat and the other on spring barley.At sowing the moisture content, bulk density and resistance to penetration in the surface layer of soil of uncultivated land were all greater than in soil that had been ploughed or cultivated deeply. Below 10 cm moisture content was less and root penetration was greater in the uncultivated soil. In all years winter wheat established and yielded well following direct drilling and shallow cultivation. In two dry autumns wheat establishment following ploughing was slower and less complete than with direct drilling, and in 1 year the yield was less. Spring barley established and yielded well without consistent differences in all years with all treatments.

Direct drilling and ploughing: their effects on the distribution of extractable phosphorus and potassium, and of roots, in the upper horizons of two clay soils under winter wheat and spring barley

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Drew ◽  
L. R. Saker
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Extractable Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Made In

SummaryA study was made in the unusually dry 1975–6 season of the distribution of extractable phosphorus and potassium, and of roots, in the top soil in the second year of direct drilling on a Denchworth series clay (with winter wheat), and in the fourth consecutive year of direct drilling on an Evesham series clay (with spring barley). With both soils there were greater accumulations of phosphorus and potassium in the upper 5 cm with direct drilling compared with ploughing. In the Denchworth soil there were smaller concentrations of phosphorus at all depths below 5 cm with direct drilling and in the Evesham soil this depleted zone was located between 10 and 15 cm depth. There was little extractable phosphorus at depths below 20–30 cm.Measurements of the overall change in concentration of extractable nutrients at each depth between the beginning and end of the season suggested that there may have been contrasting patterns of depletion with cultivation treatments. Depletion was greater between 2·5 and 5·0 cm with direct drilling, and for spring barley on Evesham soil this coincided with the zone in which roots were most abundant. For potassium, there was an increase in the concentration in the 0–2·5 cm zone, apparently due to potassium loss from the maturing crops. At harvest, the total depletion of phosphorus from all zones between 0 and 50 cm depth was appreciably less than data (Cannell & Graham, 1979) on the content of phosphorus in the crop per unit land area, indicating that release from non-extractable reserves in the soil had occurred.Despite the exceptionally dry summer of 1976, crop growth and yield were not adversely affected by the tendency for extractable phosphorus and potassium, as well as roots, to concentrate in the upper layers where desiccation could occur most readily. Possible reasons for this, as well as factors that may contribute to the observed patterns of distribution of nutrients and roots, are discussed.

Effect of NPK fertilization on the yield of winter wheat and maize and on the nutrient content of the soil in a long-term experiment network in Hungary

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-330
Author(s):  
Jakab Loch ◽  
János Lazányi
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Term Experiment ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Npk Fertilization

Az Országos Műtrágyázási Tartamkísérletek (OMTK) tizenkét NPK kezeléskombinációjában, kilenc termőhelyen vizsgáltuk az NPK-trágyázás hatását az őszi búza és a kukorica termésére és a talajok 0,01 M CaCl2-oldható tápelemtartalmára. A termőhelyek: Bicsérd (BI), Hajdúböszörmény (HA), Iregszemcse (IR), Karcag (KA), Keszthely (KE), Kompolt (KO), Mosonmagyaróvár (MO), Nagyhörcsök (NA), Putnok (PU). Az NPK kezelések: 000, 101, 111, 121, 201, 220, 221, 222, 331, 341, 421, 441. A N- és P-kezelések a kódoknak megfelelően 50 kg N, ill. P2O5·ha−1, a K-adagok 100 kg K2O·ha−1 hatóanyag-mennyiséggel növekszenek. Az őszi búza termésadatok a 23., 24., 27., 28. és 31. évi kísérletekből, a kukoricatermések a 25., 26., 29. és 30. évből származnak.Az NPK-kezelések jelentősen növelték az őszi búza és a kukorica öt-, illetve négyéves átlagtermését, szignifikáns különbségek jöttek létre a termőhelyek átlagában. Az NPK-kezelések különböző érvényesülése az egyes termőhelyeken az eltérő ökológiai viszonyok, köztük a különböző eredeti tápelemtartalom és szolgáltató képesség következménye.Az NPK-kezelések hatására a talajok 0,01 M CaCl2-oldható tápelemtartalma is jelentősen változott. A növények tápelemigényét meghaladó kezelések tartamhatásaként tápelem-felhalmozódás igazolható mindhárom tápelem esetében. A növények szükségletét meghaladó N-adagok, a karbonátos talajokat és a nagy agyagtartalmú kompolti (KO) talajt kivéve csökkentették a talaj pH-t. A másodfokú görbék az őszi búza ötéves termésátlaga és a 0,01 M CaCl2-ban mért összes-N, P- és K-tartalom közötti összefüggéseket szemléltetik termőhelyenként.A legnagyobb kezeléshatások azokon a talajokon igazolhatók, melyeken a kontroll 0,01 M CaCl2-oldható összes-N értéke kisebb, mint 5–10 mg·kg−1. A 15,0 mg·kg−1 érték felett altalaban nem érvényesült a nitrogén termésnövelő hatása. Kivételt képez a tápanyagban gazdag, hajdúböszörményi nem karbonátos réti talaj. A foszfor termésnövelő hatása 2,0 mg P·kg−1 érték felett — a karbonátos réti talaj kivételével — általában nem érvényesül. Az összefüggéseket jellemző R2 meghatározottsági tényezők a legkisebbek az őszi búza és a talaj 0,01 M CaCl2-oldható K-tartalma között, ami az egyéb tényezők nagyobb szerepére utal.A bemutatott eredmények igazolják, hogy a 0,01 M CaCl2-oldható N-, P- és Kfrakciók alkalmasak a tápanyaghiány és -felesleg jellemzésére. Egyben igazolják, hogy az eltérő ökológiai viszonyok között nagyobb terméskülönbségek jöhetnek létre, mint a kezelések hatására. A környezetkímélő tápanyag-gazdálkodás megköveteli a tápanyagok eltérő érvényesülésének figyelembevételét.A termésadatok átengedéséért köszönet az OMTK Hálózati Tanács elnökének, titkárának, és valamennyi kísérletfelelősnek.

Potential of water balance and remote sensing-based evapotranspiration models to predict yields of spring barley and winter wheat in the Czech Republic

2021 ◽  
Vol 256 ◽  
pp. 107064
Author(s):  
František Jurečka ◽  
Milan Fischer ◽  
Petr Hlavinka ◽  
Jan Balek ◽  
Daniela Semerádová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
The Czech Republic

The influence of straw quality and level of concentrate in a completely mixed diet on intake and growth rate in steers

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 ◽  
pp. 58-58
Author(s):  
M. Kay ◽  
G. W. Reid ◽  
E. R. Orskov
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Straw Quality ◽  
Ad Libitum

Results from a previous experiment with growing steers showed that straw from varieties of winter and spring barley or winter wheat supported different intakes and rates of gain. It was possible to identify those cereal straws most suitable for inclusion in low cost diets for beef cattle. The object of this work was to assess whether complete diets containing a minimum of 35% “good” straw could sustain a high rate of gain in finishing cattle. The trial used 45 Hereford cross steers that weighed 360 kg at the start. There were three types of straw examined; straw from the spring barley variety Corgi, untreated (UC) and ammonia treated (AC) together with ammonia treated winter wheat (AW) cv. Longbow;. Each straw type was included in a complete diet containing either 0.35 (L), 0.45 (M) or 0.55 (H) straw. Ammonia treatment was carried out in an oven with 0.03 anhydrous ammonia for 24 hours. The straw was processed through a tub grinder and the chopped material was transferred to a mixer wagon for diet preparation. All the diets contained fishmeal and urea and equal proportions of rolled barley and molassed sugar beet pulp substituted for the straw. The complete diets were offered ad libitum and the steers were weighed fortnightly until they were estimated to provide carcasses in MLC fat class 4L. Digestibility data for each diet was derived in a subsidary trial using cattle fed ad libitum. The digestibility coefficients for D11 were 0.67 UC; 0.68 AW; 0.69 AC and 0.66 H; 0.68 M; 0.70 L (S.E.D. ± 0.66).

The effects of direct drilling, shallow cultivation and ploughing on some soil physical properties in a long-term experiment on spring barley

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Chaney ◽  
D. R. Hodgson ◽  
M. A. Braim
Keyword(s):  
Spring Barley ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Air Capacity

SummaryPhysical measurements were made on the soil of a long-term cultivation experiment comparing direct drilling, tine cultivation and mouldboard ploughing for spring barley to investigate possible reasons for differences in yield. The soil was a typical argillio brown earth, approximately 90 cm of sandy clay loam topsoil and clay loam subsoil overlying magnesian limestone. For the three periods 1971–4, 1975–7 and 1978–80 the mean grain yields were marginally lower after direct drilling than after shallow cultivation or ploughing. There was an average decline in yield of 1·33 t/ha from the first to the last period, the decline being greater for direct drilling than the other two tillage systems. Although the surface horizon (0–5 cm) of direct-drilled soil had a higher content of organic matter than the ploughed, this did not increase the stability of the aggregates. Slaking tests had shown the soil to be inherently unstable and likely to suffer from structural problems. After the first 3 years bulk density of direct-drilled soil (0–15 cm) increased markedly to ca. l·5 g/cm8 and then remained relatively stable. In the ploughed soil, density increased steadily over the period to an average value of co. 1·45 g/cm8. Tine cultivation to 7–8 cm reduced cone resistance values in the surface compared with direct-drilled soil but below 15 cm there were no significant differences. Ploughing gave significantly lower values than direct drilling to a depth of 30 cm. Measurements of pore sizes in direct-drilled and ploughed soil were highly variable with few significant differences. Mean air capacity values (1978–80) tended to be lower in direct-drilled than in ploughed topsoil particularly for plots direct drilled after 7 years of deep tine cultivation. A limited number of root measurements in 1978 and 1980 showed that the length of root per unit of ground area was much less after direct drilling than after ploughing. Shallow cultivation, surprisingly, gave most root with a greater proportion of the root system below 20 cm than in the other two treatments. The classification of this soil according to its suitability for direct drilling cereals is discussed.

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