Late Pleistocene Eifel eruptions: insights from clinopyroxene and glass geochemistry of tephra layers from Eifel Laminated Sediment Archive sediment cores

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 186-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Förster ◽  
Anastasia Zemlitskaya ◽  
Laura M. Otter ◽  
Stephan Buhre ◽  
Frank Sirocko
Keyword(s):  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Laminated Sediment ◽  
Tephra Layers

scholarly journals Identification and correlation of distal tephra layers in deep-sea sediment cores, Scotia Sea, Antarctica

1998 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 285-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Moreton ◽  
J. L. Smellie
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Quaternary Deposits ◽  
Deep Sea Sediment ◽  
Scotia Sea ◽  
Ash Layer ◽  
Tephra Layers ◽  
Major Oxide ◽  
Water Depths

Quaternary deposits in six sediment cores from the Scotia Sea, Antarctica, were examined for the presence of volcanic ash layers. The cores were recovered from water depths of 3369-4025 m. Altogether, 23 ash layers were found, 18 of which have been investigated by electron-probe microanalysis. Deception Island is identified as the source of all the ash layers analyzed. The upper ash layer in each core can be correlated across all six cores, over a distance of -100 km, on the basis of its unusual bimodal composition, major oxide geochemistry and stratigraphie position. Two other ash layers can also be correlated between several of the cores.

scholarly journals Differential resilience of ancient sister lakes Ohrid and Prespa to environmental disturbances during the Late Pleistocene

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 16049-16079 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jovanovska ◽  
A. Cvetkoska ◽  
T. Hauffe ◽  
Z. Levkov ◽  
B. Wagner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Campi Flegrei ◽  
Tephra Layer ◽  
Diatom Community ◽  
Lake Ohrid ◽  
Environmental Disturbances ◽  
Lake Prespa

Abstract. Ancient lakes, like lakes Ohrid and Prespa on the Balkan Peninsula, have become model systems for studying the link between geological and biotic evolution. Recently the scientific deep drilling program "Scientific Collaboration on Past Speciation Conditions in Lake Ohrid" (SCOPSCO) has been launched to better understand the environmental, climatic and limnological evolution of the lake. It revealed that Lake Ohrid experienced a number of environmental disturbances during its ca. 2.0 million year long history. They comprise disturbances that lasted over longer periods of times ("press events") such as Heinrich events as well as sudden and short disturbances ("pulse events") like the deposition of volcanic ashes. The latter include one of the most severe volcanic episodes during the Late Pleistocene, the eruption of the Campanian Ignimbrite (known as Y-5 marine tephra layer) from the Campi Flegrei caldera, dated at 39.6 ± 0.1 ka ago. The event is recorded by the deposition of a ca. 15 cm thick Y-5 tephra layer in sediment cores of lakes Ohrid (DEEP-5045-1) and Prespa (Co1204). This pulse event is overlain by the Heinrich event 4 (H4), 40.0–38.0 ka ago. In the current paper, diatoms were used as proxies to compare the responses of these lakes to the Y-5 (pulse) and the H4 (press) disturbances. Based on stratigraphically constrained incremental sum of squares cluster (CONISS) and unconstrained Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) analyses, we found only little evidence that the diatom community compositions in either lake responded to the H4 event. However, the Y-5 influx caused clear and rapid diatom community changes. After the initial response, community composition in Lake Ohrid and, to a lesser extent, in Lake Prespa slowly returned to their quasi pre-disturbance state. Moreover, there is no evidence for disturbance-related extinction events. The combined evidence from these findings suggests that lakes Ohrid and Prespa likely did not experience regime shifts. It is therefore concluded that both lakes show resilience to environmental disturbance. However, it seems that Lake Ohrid is more resilient than Lake Prespa as the recovery of diatom communities is more pronounced and as its estimated recovery time is only ca. 1400 years vs. ca. 3600 years in Lake Prespa. The reasons for the differential responses remain largely unknown, but differences in geology, lake age, limnology, and intrinsic parameters of the diatom proxies may play a role. Given the relative robust results obtained, this study provides important new insights into the response of lakes to (multiple) environmental disturbances. Moreover, it contributes to one of the major goals of the SCOPSCO project – to evaluate the influence of major geological events onto the evolution of endemic taxa in Lake Ohrid.

scholarly journals AMS 14C Dates and Major Element Composition of Glass Shards of Late Pleistocene Tephras on Tanegashima Island, Southern Japan

Radiocarbon ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 351-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuru Okuno ◽  
Masayuki Torii ◽  
Hideto Naruo ◽  
Yoko Saito-Kokubu ◽  
Tetsuo Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Major Element ◽  
Volcanic Glass ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Major Element Composition ◽  
Ams Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Southern Japan ◽  
Tephra Layers ◽  
C 32 ◽  
Glass Shards

Four late Pleistocene tephra layers—Tane I (Tn1), II (Tn2), III (Tn3), and IV (Tn4) in ascending order—are intercalated between widespread tephras, Kikai-Tozurahara (K-Tz: 95 ka) and Aira-Tn (AT: 30 cal kBP), on Tanegashima Island, in southern Japan. Paleolithic ruins such as the Yokomine C and Tatikiri archaeological sites were excavated from the loam layer between the Tn4 and Tn3 tephras. To refine the chronological framework on the island, we conducted accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating for 2 paleosol and 6 charcoal samples related with the late Pleistocene tephras and the Yokomine C archaeological site. The obtained 14C dates are consistent with the stratigraphy in calendar years, 33 cal kBP for Tn4, 40 cal kBP for Tn3, and >50 cal kBP for Tn2 and Tn1. The charcoal dates from Yokomine C, 32–38 cal kBP, not only constrain the age of Tn4 and Tn3 ashes, but also serve as a possible date for the site. We also measured the major element compositions of volcanic glass shards with EDS-EPMA to characterize these tephras. Although we could not find a possible correlative for Tn3 and Tn4 ashes using major element oxides of the glass shards, i.e. 75–76 wt% in SiO2, the glass chemistry obtained in this study will be valuable in correlating these tephras with their source volcanoes in the near future.

scholarly journals Differential resilience of ancient sister lakes Ohrid and Prespa to environmental disturbances during the Late Pleistocene

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1149-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Jovanovska ◽  
Aleksandra Cvetkoska ◽  
Torsten Hauffe ◽  
Zlatko Levkov ◽  
Bernd Wagner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Campi Flegrei ◽  
Tephra Layer ◽  
Diatom Community ◽  
Lake Ohrid ◽  
Environmental Disturbances ◽  
Lake Prespa

Abstract. Ancient lakes, such as lakes Ohrid and Prespa on the Balkan Peninsula, have become model systems for studying the link between geological and biotic evolution. Recently, the scientific deep-drilling project Scientific Collaboration on Past Speciation Conditions in Lake Ohrid (SCOPSCO) was initiated to better understand the environmental, climatic, and limnological evolution of the lake. It revealed that Lake Ohrid experienced a number of environmental disturbances during its ca. 2.0 million year long history. These are comprised of disturbances that lasted over longer periods of time (“press events”) such as glacial–interglacial cycles and Heinrich events, as well as sudden and short disturbances (“pulse events”) like the deposition of landslides, earthquakes, and volcanic ash depositions. The latter includes one of the most severe volcanic episodes during the Late Pleistocene: the eruption of the Campanian Ignimbrite (known as Y-5 marine tephra layer) from the Campi Flegrei caldera, dated to 39.6 ± 0.1 thousand years ago. The event is recorded by the deposition of a ca. 15 cm thick tephra layer in sediment cores of lakes Ohrid (DEEP-5045-1) and Prespa (Co1204). Coincidently, this pulse event is superimposed by the Heinrich H4 event, 40.4–38.4 thousand years ago. In the current paper, diatoms were used as proxies to compare the responses of these lakes to the Y-5 (pulse) and the H4 (press) disturbances. Based on stratigraphically constrained incremental sum of squares cluster (CONISS) and unconstrained Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) analyses, we found little evidence that diatom community compositions in either lake responded to the H4 event. However, the Y-5 influx caused clear and rapid diatom community changes. After the initial response, community compositions in Lake Ohrid and, to a lesser extent, in Lake Prespa slowly returned to their quasi pre-disturbance state. Moreover, there is no evidence for disturbance-related extinction events. The combined evidence from these findings suggests that lakes Ohrid and Prespa likely did not experience regime shifts. It is therefore concluded that both lakes show resilience to environmental disturbance. However, it seems that Lake Ohrid is more resilient than Lake Prespa, as the recovery of diatom communities is more pronounced and its estimated recovery time is only ca. 1100 years vs. ca. 4000 years in Lake Prespa. The reasons for the differential responses remain largely unknown, but differences in geology, lake age, limnology, and intrinsic parameters of the diatom proxies may play an important role.

High-resolution X-radiography of laminated sediment cores

1994 ◽  
Vol 64 (3a) ◽  
pp. 665-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Algeo ◽  
M. Phillips ◽  
J. Jaminski ◽  
M. Fenwick
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Laminated Sediment

scholarly journals Tephra layers in the marine environment: A review of properties and emplacement processes

2021 ◽  
pp. SP520-2021-50
Author(s):  
Armin Freundt ◽  
Julie C. Schindlbeck-Belo ◽  
Steffen Kutterolf ◽  
Jenni L. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Submarine Landslides ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Ash Layer ◽  
Tephra Layers ◽  
Emplacement Processes ◽  
Volcaniclastic Deposits ◽  
Important Marker

AbstractThis review focusses on the recognition of volcanic ash occurrences in marine sediment cores and on using their appearance and properties to deduce their origin. Widespread marine tephra layers are important marker horizons for both volcanological as well as general geological investigations. We describe ash detection by visual inspection and logging of sediment cores. Ash layer structure and texture, particle morphologies and lithological compositions of primary volcanic deposits are summarized and processes modifying them are discussed, both natural processes acting on and in the seafloor, i.e., erosion and bioturbation, and man-made modifications during drilling/coring and core preparation. We discuss primary emplacement processes of marine fall and flow tephra deposits derived from either subaerial or submarine sources in order to identify distinguishing properties. We also elaborate on processes generating secondary, resedimented volcaniclastic layers such as submarine landslides and shelf erosion as well as fluvial input and ice-rafting, and how they can be distinguished from primary volcaniclastic deposits, which is essential in tephrostratigraphy. Finally, methods of tephra correlation between cores and on-land deposits/volcanoes are illustrated because they allow us to extend the 1-D information from single cores to 3-D distribution and facies changes of tephras and to bridge the land-sea gap.

scholarly journals An Elemental and Isotopic Investigation of Quaternary Silicic Taupo Volcanic Zone Tephras from ODP Site 1123: Chronostratigraphic and Petrogenetic Applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Aidan Stuart Robert Allan
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Fractional Crystallisation ◽  
Taupo Volcanic Zone ◽  
Volcanic Zone ◽  
Age Model ◽  
Tephra Layers ◽  
Mafic Magmas ◽  
Silicic Magmas

<p>This thesis presents a chemical and isotopic investigation of well-dated silicic tephra layers sourced from the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), central North Island, New Zealand, that were recovered from deep ocean sediment cores at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1123 (41 degrees 47.16' S, 171 degrees 29.94' W; 3290 m water depth), located approximately 1000 km east of the TVZ. The relative quiescence of the deep ocean sedimentary setting, the continuous supply of biogenic and terrigenous sediment and the favourable location of Site 1123 close to the main TVZ ash dispersal path have resulted in an extensive TVZ tephra record (70 Quaternary tephra layers preserved in 3 sediment cores) at Site 1123. This record extends and compliments the onshore record of silicic TVZ volcanism which has been obscured by erosion of non-consolidated volcanic material and burial of older units by younger volcanic deposits. The Site 1123 cores comprise an important paleo-oceanographic record for the Southwest Pacific Ocean and as a result of previous paleo-environmental studies, the Site 1123 tephras have been assigned orbitally tuned stable isotope ages that are more precise than is currently possible by any radiometric dating techniques. These features of the Site 1123 tephra record highlight its potential to be established as a type section for Quaternary tephrochronological studies in the New Zealand region. In addition, the continuous stratigraphy and precise age control of these tephras enables the Site 1123 record to be used as a petrogenetic archive to investigate changes in chemical and isotopic composition of these tephras that may be related to changes in the petrogenesis of TVZ silicic magmas during the last ~ 1.65 Ma. This thesis establishes major and trace element chemical 'fingerprints' for the Site 1123 tephras using traditional (electron probe microanalysis) and novel (laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) in situ geochemical techniques. Trace element fingerprints are demonstrated to provide a more precise means of correlating and distinguishing between tephras with essentially identical major element chemistries. These fingerprints are used to refine the original Site 1123 composite stratigraphy and age model and identify a section of repeated sediments in the Site 1123 cores that have introduced a significant error into the original composite stratigraphy and age model for the interval ~1.1 to 1.4 Ma. Correlation of the tephra layers between the 3 sediment cores (1123A, B and C) establishes that ~37-38 individual tephra units are recorded with ages ranging from 1.655 Ma to 27.1 ka. Approximately 50% of the eruptive units and cumulative tephra thickness at the site were recorded during the first ~ 150 ka of silicic TVZ volcanism (1.65 to 1.50 Ma). The fragmentary onshore record does not preserve clear evidence for this early period of hyperactivity. Four broad silicic melt types are identified on the basis of chemistry and eruptive age. Trace element indices of fractional crystallisation suggests the origin of the four melt types is primarily due to differential degrees of fractional crystallisation of accessory zircon, hydrous mineral phases and Fe-Ti oxides. Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of 13 representative Site 1123 tephras cannot be generated using traditional models in which Torlesse meta-sedimentary rocks are the sole contaminant of mafic magmas. Instead the data support a model in which ascending TVZ basalts assimilate crustal rocks of both meta-greywacke terranes: firstly up to 15% of Waipapa crust is assimilated at depth, followed by assimilation of between 20 and 45% Torlesse crust at shallower levels. In this model the majority of Site 1123 tephras indicate a remarkably uniform amount of crust (~ 35%) with the most evolved sample requiring 45% crustal contribution. However, extensive fractional crystallisation (55-85%) is required to have accompanied crustal assimilation in order to drive the relatively low SiO2 compositions of these contaminated mafic magmas (SiO2 = 53-58 wt% after crustal contamination) to the high SiO2 rhyolite (74-78 wt%) compositions of the Site 1123 tephras. The large crustal contributions to TVZ silicic magmas (35-45%) implied by these data are high compared to large volume silicic magmas from different settings (e.g. Yemen-Ethiopia; Long Valley, USA), a feature that likely reflects the thin crust and high thermal flux into the continental crust beneath the TVZ.</p>

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