Theorem on the Apparent Volume of Distribution and the Amount of Drug in the Body at Steady State

1984 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.P. Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Apparent Volume ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Apparent Volume Of Distribution

Ketamine kinetics: decerebrate vs. intact cats

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 878-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Heavner ◽  
Duane C. Bloedow
Keyword(s):  
Apparent Volume ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Drug Dose ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Peripheral Compartment ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Open Model ◽  
Apparent Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Compartment Open Model

Pharmacokinetic parameters of a ketamine (10 mg/kg, iv) bolus in decerebrate and intact cats were compared. A two-compartment open model best described the data in both groups. The apparent volume of distribution of the peripheral compartment, the apparent volume of distribution of the drug in the body, and the half-life of the postdistributive phase were significantly less (p < 0.05) in the decerebrate animals. These results emphasize the importance of correlating behavior and neuronal activity with plasma or blood concentrations of drug in animals rather than assuming that, for a given drug dose, blood (and thus tissue) levels of the agent will be similar regardless of how the animal is prepared for study.

Relationship Between Dose and Apparent Volume of Distribution of Salicylate in Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 713-717
Author(s):  
Gerhard Levy ◽  
Sumner J. Yaffe
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Apparent Volume ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
Salicylate Concentration ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis Fluid ◽  
Salicylate Intoxication ◽  
Apparent Volume Of Distribution

The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) of salicylate was determined in 11 children, 4 months to 16 years old, who had ingested from about 36 to over 340 mg of salicylic acid (mainly as aspirin) per kilogram of body weight. Vd was calculated from the amount of salicylate in the body at a given time (as determined by the amount of total salicylates excreted in the urine and, where applicable, removed in peritoneal dialysis fluid after that time) and the concentration of salicylate in the plasma at the same time. This method of calculation is ideal for the nonlinearly eliminated salicylic acid and does not require any assumptions with respect to the nature of the pharmacokinetic model for salicylate distribution. The Vd for salicylate in the children ranged from 162 to 345 ml/kg and was larger at the higher doses. Plots of salicylate concentration in plasma versus amount of drug in the body were usually linear for a given patient, showing that Vd remained relatively constant over the time course of elimination of the drug in the patients studied. This indicates that a given plasma salicylate concentration in children who have ingested large doses reflects a larger amount of salicylate in the body than the same plasma concentration in children who ingested smaller doses of the drug. These observations help to rationalize and emphasize the usefulness of the Done nomogram (which involves estimation of the theoretical zero time plasma salicylate concentration by back extrapolation) for assessing the severity of salicylate intoxication.

Resin Haemoperfusion in Levomepromazine Poisoning: Evaluation of Effect on Plasma Drug and Metabolite Levels

1984 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.-A. Hals ◽  
D. Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Apparent Volume ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Plasma Drug ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Apparent Volume Of Distribution

1 Plasma levels of levomepromazine and two of its major metabolites N-desmethyl-levomepromazine and levomepromazine sulphoxide were studied in two poisoned patients treated with resin haemoperfusion at a constant blood flow of 200 ml/min. 2 The mean haemoperfusion clearance of levomepromazine, N-desmethyl-levomepromazine and levomepromazine sulphoxide was 114, 123 and 151 ml/min, respectively, in patient no. 1, and 153, 148 and 184 ml/min, respectively, in patient no. 2. Patient no. 2 had also ingested amitriptyline, and the mean haemoperfusion clearance of amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline was 183 and 183 ml/min respectively. 3 Haemoperfusion did not seem to alter the elimination profile of levomepromazine or the two metabolites in either patient. 4 We conclude that haemoperfusion is of little value in removing levomepromazine, N-desmethyl-levomepromazine or levomepromazine sulphoxide from the body. This is probably due to the large apparent volume of distribution and the high intrinsic hepatic metabolic clearance of these compounds.

scholarly journals A Semimechanistic Pharmacokinetic-Enzyme Turnover Model for Rifampin Autoinduction in Adult Tuberculosis Patients

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 2091-2098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wynand Smythe ◽  
Akash Khandelwal ◽  
Corinne Merle ◽  
Roxana Rustomjee ◽  
Martin Gninafon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Apparent Volume ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Oral Clearance ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Turnover Model ◽  
Enzyme Turnover ◽  
Apparent Volume Of Distribution

ABSTRACTThe currently recommended doses of rifampin are believed to be at the lower end of the dose-response curve. Rifampin induces its own metabolism, although the effect of dose on the extent of autoinduction is not known. This study aimed to investigate rifampin autoinduction using a semimechanistic pharmacokinetic-enzyme turnover model. Four different structural basic models were explored to assess whether different scaling methods affected the final covariate selection procedure. Covariates were selected by using a linearized approach. The final model included the allometric scaling of oral clearance and apparent volume of distribution. Although HIV infection was associated with a 30% increase in the apparent volume of distribution, simulations demonstrated that the effect of HIV on rifampin exposure was slight. Model-based simulations showed close-to-maximum induction achieved after 450-mg daily dosing, since negligible increases in oral clearance were observed following the 600-mg/day regimen. Thus, dosing above 600 mg/day is unlikely to result in higher magnitudes of autoinduction. In a typical 55-kg male without HIV infection, the oral clearance, which was 7.76 liters · h−1at the first dose, increased 1.82- and 1.85-fold at steady state after daily dosing with 450 and 600 mg, respectively. Corresponding reductions of 41 and 42%, respectively, in the area under the concentration-versus-time curve from 0 to 24 h were estimated. The turnover of the inducible process was estimated to have a half-life of approximately 8 days in a typical patient. Assuming 5 half-lives to steady state, this corresponds to a duration of approximately 40 days to reach the induced state for rifampin autoinduction.

Estimation of Pharmacokinetic Parameters at Steady-State in Patients

1978 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 612-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Crow ◽  
Milo Gibaldi
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Rate Constant ◽  
Elimination Rate ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Apparent Volume ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Total Clearance ◽  
Dosing Intervals ◽  
Apparent Volume Of Distribution

A method to characterize the pharmacokinetics of a drug in a patient receiving it chronically is proposed. In principle, such characterization may be carried out by obtaining one or more drug concentration in plasma-time values from several different dosing intervals, combining the data to create a composite dosing interval representative of the steady-state situation and fitting the data to an appropriate equation. The method was evaluated using simulated data based on the average pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline in children. Reasonable estimates of the elimination rate constant and apparent volume of distribution may be obtained, but the estimation of the absorption rate constant presents formidable problems. The method appears to be most useful for obtaining very accurate estimates of total clearance.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of (-)-2'-3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine in woodchucks.

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Rajagopalan ◽  
F D Boudinot ◽  
C K Chu ◽  
B C Tennant ◽  
B H Baldwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Apparent Volume ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Nucleoside Analog ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Intravenous And Oral Administration ◽  
Apparent Volume Of Distribution

The woodchuck (Marmota monax) has proven to be a suitable animal model for studying hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection owing to similarities in the course of infection between woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) in woodchucks and HBV in humans. (-)-beta-L-2',3'-Dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC; lamivudine) is a nucleoside analog which has demonstrated antiviral activity against HBV as well as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The purpose of the present investigation was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of 3TC following intravenous and oral administration of 20 mg of 3TC per kg of body weight to woodchucks. Following intravenous administration, the concentrations of 3TC in plasma declined, with a terminal half-life of 2.84 +/- 0.85 h (mean +/- standard deviation). The systemic clearance and steady-state volume of distribution of 3TC were 0.22 +/- 0.078 liters/h/kg and 0.75 +/- 0.13 liters/kg, respectively. The renal clearance of the nucleoside analog was 0.063 +/- 0.016 liters/h/kg. The oral bioavailability of 3TC ranged from 18 to 54%. Allometric relationships between pharmacokinetic parameters and body weight developed by Hussey et al. (E.K. Hussey, K.H. Donn, M.J. Daniel, S.T. Hall, A.J. Harker, and G.L. Evans, J. Clin. Pharmacol. 34:975-977, 1994) were augmented by including data from woodchucks, monkeys (S.M. Blaney, M.J. Daniel, A.J. Harker, K. Godwin, and F.M. Balis, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:2779-2782, 1995), and additional data from rats (P. Rajagopalan, L. Moore, C.K. Chu, R.F. Schinazi, and F.D. Boudinot, submitted for publication). Interspecies scaling of the pharmacokinetic parameters of 3TC demonstrated a good correlation between clearance (0.74 . W0.76 [where W is body weight]; r = 0.93; P < 0.025), apparent volume of distribution (1.62 . W0.81; r = 0.98; P < 0.005), and steady-state volume of distribution (1.09 . W0.94; r = 0.99; P < 0.05) and species body weight. The allometric relationships for clearance and volume of distribution at steady state predicted the observed pharmacokinetic parameters in humans quite well; however, the apparent volume of distribution was underestimated in humans. Thus, the pharmacokinetic data obtained with the woodchuck HBV animal model should be useful for designing clinical trials.

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