Steady-State Determination of the Contribution of Lung Metabolism to the Total Body Clearance of Drugs: Application to Carbamazepine

1983 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 860-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Wedlund ◽  
Shih-Ling Chang ◽  
René H. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Lung Metabolism ◽  
State Determination ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Clearance

Dose-Ranging Pharmacokinetic Study of Ciprofloxacin after 200-, 300-, and 400-mg Intravenous Doses

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Nix ◽  
J. Michael Spivey ◽  
Allyn Norman ◽  
Jerome J. Schentag
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Elimination Half Life ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Venous Irritation ◽  
Body Clearance

OBJECTIVE: To assess the pharmacokinetics and tolerance of ciprofloxacin after the administration of single intravenous doses of 200, 300, and 400 mg. DESIGN: Double-blind, three-period, randomized, crossover trial. SETTING: Private, university-affiliated, hospital-based, clinical research center. PATIENTS: Normal healthy male volunteers, 18–40 years of age. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects received 200-, 300-, and 400-mg single intravenous doses of ciprofloxacin via 30-minute infusions in random sequence. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum ciprofloxacin concentrations were determined by HPLC after each dose and the results were used to derive pharmacokinetic parameters. Tolerance was assessed by reported and observed adverse events, urine microscopic examinations for crystals, and examination of intravenous infusion sites. RESULTS: The mean area under the time curve (AUC) values displayed linearity with respect to the administered dose. No statistical differences were observed in total body clearance, steady-state volume of distribution, or elimination half-life with respect to dose administered. The mean total body clearance, steady-state volume of distribution, or elimination half-life ranged from 36 to 41 L/h, 146 to 169 L, and 3.5 to 3.7 h for the 200-, 300-, and 400-mg doses, respectively. Adverse effects, including venous irritation (four subjects) and crystalluria (two subjects), were mild and did not require withdrawal of any subject from the study. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous ciprofloxacin in doses ranging from 200 to 400 mg demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics. These single doses were well tolerated, although cases of transient venous irritation and crystalluria were observed.

Detection of heterozygotes for phenylketonuria. Total body phenylalanine clearance and concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine in the plasms of fasting subjects compared.

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1654-1660 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Jagenburg ◽  
C G Regårdh ◽  
S Rödjer
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Central Compartment ◽  
Kinetic Evaluation ◽  
Plasma Phenylalanine ◽  
Two Compartment Model ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Elimination Curve ◽  
Body Clearance

Abstract Two tests have been compared for detection of heterozygotes for phenylketonuria, one based on determination of plasma phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations in fasting individuals and the other on kinetic evaluation of the plasma elimination curve after intravenous loading with L-phenylalanine. The plasma elimination curve was biexponential and the kinetics were evaluated according to the two-compartment model. The constant, beta, expressing the rate of elimination from plasma at pseudo-equilibrium, the rate constant for the elimination from the central compartment, and the total body clearance were determined. Of these three, total body clearance, which on the average was reduced by 32% in the phenylketonuric heterozygotes, showed the best discriminatory ability, but was not better than the information on concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine in detecting heterozygotes for phenylketonuria.

Diphenhydramine disposition in the sheep maternal–Placental–Fetal unit: Determinants of plasma drug concentrations in the mother and the fetus††Abbreviations: DPHM, diphenhydramine; [2H10]DPHM, deuteriumlabeled diphenhydramine; CLmm, maternal total body clearance; CLff, fetal total body clearance; CLmf, maternal to fetal placental clearance; CLfm, fetal to maternal placental clearance; CLmo, maternal nonplacental clearance; CLfo, fetal nonplacental clearance; Cm, maternal plasma steady-state DPHM concentration after maternal administration; Cf, fetal plasma steady-state DPHM concentration after maternal administration; Cm′, maternal plasma steady-state DPHM (or [2H10]-DPHM) concentration after fetal administration; Cf′, fetal plasma steady-state DPHM (or [2H10]DPHM) concentration after fetal administration; ko, maternal drug infusion rate; ko′, fetal drug infusion rate; M-UF, maternal steady-state plasma unbound fraction of the drug; F-UF, fetal steady-state plasma unbound fraction of the drug; r, Pearson correlation coefficient.

1999 ◽  
Vol 88 (12) ◽  
pp. 1259-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Kumar ◽  
George R. Tonn ◽  
K.Wayne Riggs ◽  
Dan W. Rurak
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Infusion Rate ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Drug Infusion ◽  
Unbound Fraction ◽  
Fetal Plasma ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Maternal Administration ◽  
Body Clearance

STEADY-STATE DETERMINATION OF FUEL-BOND NITROGEN IN DIESEL AND INDUSTRIAL GAS OIL

Clean Air ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-371
Author(s):  
A. Medeiros ◽  
R. Edenhofer ◽  
K. Lucka ◽  
H. Kohne
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
State Determination

scholarly journals Steady state determination of sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase intermediates. Their acid lability.

1981 ◽  
Vol 256 (7) ◽  
pp. 3399-3404
Author(s):  
G.L. Alonso ◽  
D.M. Arrigo ◽  
M.V. Soliz-Frieldmeier
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
State Determination

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Piperacillin Administration in Patients Undergoing On-Line Hemodiafiltration

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 3266-3268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kook-Hwan Oh ◽  
Chiweon Kim ◽  
Hankyu Lee ◽  
Hajeong Lee ◽  
Ji Yong Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Recovery Method ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
On Line ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Clearance

ABSTRACT The pharmacokinetic characteristics of piperacillin sodium were studied in five volunteers undergoing on-line hemodiafiltration (HDF). The subjects were given 2 g of piperacillin sodium intravenously over 1 min and placed on on-line HDF for 4 h starting at 60 min after the piperacillin infusion. Noncompartmental models were employed for estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters, and intradialytic piperacillin clearance was calculated by the recovery method. The mean volume of distribution and the elimination half-life were 0.27 ± 0.13 liter/kg (mean ± standard deviation) and 1.1 ± 0.6 h, respectively. The total body clearance of piperacillin was 0.19 ± 0.08 liter/h/kg. Piperacillin clearance through on-line HDF was 0.11 ± 0.06 liter/h/kg. The mean serum piperacillin concentration was 4.0 ± 1.9 μg/ml at the end of the 4-h on-line HDF session. The concentration of infused piperacillin recovered in the dialysate was 527 ± 236 mg (26.3% ± 11.8%). We suggest the replacement of 500 mg of piperacillin after each on-line HDF session.

Hepatomesenteric release and removal of norepinephrine in swine

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (4) ◽  
pp. R924-R930 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Aneman ◽  
G. Eisenhofer ◽  
L. Fandriks ◽  
P. Friberg
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Splanchnic Nerve ◽  
Neuronal Uptake ◽  
Blocking Drug ◽  
Hepatic Extraction ◽  
Valid Assessment ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Splanchnic Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Body Clearance ◽  
Venous Plasma

Release and removal of norepinephrine (NE) by hepatomesenteric organs in anesthetized swine were examined using measurements of NE in arterial, portal, and hepatic venous plasma. NE spillover from the liver and mesenteric organs increased during splanchnic nerve stimulation, validating these measurements as indexes of sympathetic outflow. Administration of the neuronal uptake-blocking drug desipramine reduced mesenteric NE extraction more than hepatic extraction, suggesting that neuronal uptake was more important for NE removal in mesenteric organs than in the liver. Circulating NE was removed by the liver more efficiently than by mesenteric organs, whereas mesenteric NE spillover (2.46 nmol/min) exceeded liver NE spillover (0.74 nmol/min). Hepatomesenteric NE spillover represented 53% of total body spillover; NE clearance was 42% of total body clearance. Because of efficient hepatic extraction of NE released by mesenteric organs, the sum of mesenteric and hepatic NE spillovers (3.20 pmol/min) exceeded net hepatomesenteric spillover estimated using arterial and hepatic venous measurements alone (1.96 pmol/min). Thus valid assessment of the substantial amounts of NE released by hepatomesenteric organs requires separate examination of mesenteric and hepatic spillovers.

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