scholarly journals Elastic fibers in orthopedics: Form and function in tendons and ligaments, clinical implications, and future directions

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 2305-2317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Ryan Hill ◽  
Jeremy D. Eekhoff ◽  
Robert H. Brophy ◽  
Spencer P. Lake
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Fibers ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function

Definitions—The Form and Function of Relational Aggression

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie M. Ostrov ◽  
Sarah J. Blakely-McClure ◽  
Kristin J. Perry ◽  
Kimberly E. Kamper-DeMarco
Keyword(s):  
Relational Aggression ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Electronic Aggression ◽  
Relational Bullying ◽  
And Function

This chapter reviews the definitions of relational aggression and other subtypes of aggression that are often studied in the developmental sciences. Specifically, definitions of relational, physical, indirect, social, verbal, nonverbal, proactive, and reactive aggression are provided. The modes, forms, functions, and contexts of aggression are reviewed, with a focus on relational aggression. Attention is given to other related constructs such as assertion, rough and tumble play, and social dominance, which should be considered and ruled out when studying subtypes of aggression. A definition and important considerations for the study of relational bullying are provided, and a brief discussion of the contexts of online or electronic aggression is given. Future directions and unanswered questions are raised.

Connectionism, HPSG signs and SLA representations: specifying principles of mapping between form and function

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dean Mellow
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Partial Solution ◽  
Phrase Structure Grammar ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Linguistic Representations ◽  
L2 Production ◽  
And Function ◽  
A Current

A current limitation of the connectionist approach to second language acquisition (SLA) research is that it does not, to my knowledge, include complex linguistic representations. This article proposes a partial solution to this limitation by motivating and illustrating specific analyses that utilize the sign-based representations developed within Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG). To motivate the proposed representations, the article applies them to an analysis of four types of mappings between form and function: one-to-one, primed redundancy, nonprimed redundancy and polyfunctional. The paper summarizes representative SLA data that indicate how these mappings may appear in second language (L2) production. Key properties of HPSG analyses are discussed, indicating how they are consistent with connectionist assumptions. Sign-based representations of the four types of mappings are then provided, including several modifications to HPSG formalisms. The article concludes with a discussion of future directions.

scholarly journals Neural representations of awe: Distinguishing common and distinct neural mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryota Takano ◽  
Michio Nomura
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
And Function ◽  
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus

Awe is an emotional response to perceptually vast stimuli that transcend one’s current frames of reference. The psychological form and function of awe differ between two types: positive-awe, which arises from the beauty of nature, and threat-awe, which is inspired by natural disasters. However, little is known about the neural bases underlying these types of awe. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated common and distinct neural responses to experiences of positive- and threat-awe, elicited by watching awe-inspiring videos. We found that both awe experiences deactivated the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) compared to control conditions (positive-awe vs. amusement; threat-awe vs. fear). In addition, positive-awe was associated with increased functional connectivity between the MTG and the cingulate cortex and supramarginal gyrus (SMG), and threat-awe was associated with increased functional connectivity between the MTG and amygdala, as well as between the amygdala and SMG. These findings suggest that the neural mechanisms underlying the complex psychological processes of awe vary as a function of the type of awe. The implications of these results regarding our understanding of the neural basis of awe and the future directions of human social cognition research are discussed.

scholarly journals Silk-based multilayered angle-ply annulus fibrosus construct to recapitulate form and function of the intervertebral disc

2017 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibhas K. Bhunia ◽  
David L. Kaplan ◽  
Biman B. Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Annulus Fibrosus ◽  
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Collagen Type I ◽  
Hierarchical Architecture ◽  
Elastic Fibers ◽  
Type I ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Tissue Organization ◽  
And Function

Recapitulation of the form and function of complex tissue organization using appropriate biomaterials impacts success in tissue engineering endeavors. The annulus fibrosus (AF) represents a complex, multilamellar, hierarchical structure consisting of collagen, proteoglycans, and elastic fibers. To mimic the intricacy of AF anatomy, a silk protein-based multilayered, disc-like angle-ply construct was fabricated, consisting of concentric layers of lamellar sheets. Scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence image analysis revealed cross-aligned and lamellar characteristics of the construct, mimicking the native hierarchical architecture of the AF. Induction of secondary structure in the silk constructs was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The constructs showed a compressive modulus of 499.18 ± 86.45 kPa. Constructs seeded with porcine AF cells and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) showed ∼2.2-fold and ∼1.7-fold increases in proliferation on day 14, respectively, compared with initial seeding. Biochemical analysis, histology, and immunohistochemistry results showed the deposition of AF-specific extracellular matrix (sulfated glycosaminoglycan and collagen type I), indicating a favorable environment for both cell types, which was further validated by the expression of AF tissue-specific genes. The constructs seeded with porcine AF cells showed ∼11-, ∼5.1-, and ∼6.7-fold increases in col Iα 1, sox 9, and aggrecan genes, respectively. The differentiation of hMSCs to AF-like tissue was evident from the enhanced expression of the AF-specific genes. Overall, the constructs supported cell proliferation, differentiation, and ECM deposition resulting in AF-like tissue features based on ECM deposition and morphology, indicating potential for future studies related to intervertebral disc replacement therapy.

Anatomy and nerve supply of the pelvic floor

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 228-231
Author(s):  
M.A. Cerruto ◽  
F. Zattoni
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Floor ◽  
Levator Ani ◽  
Pelvic Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Muscle Dysfunction ◽  
Nerve Supply ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Pelvic Statics

In order to guarantee urinary and fecal continence as well as correct pelvic statics, the perfect neuroanatomical integrity of the pelvic floor muscles is mandatory. As Dickinson stated: “There is no considerable muscle in the body whose form and function are more difficult to understand than those of the levator ani, and about which such nebulous impressions prevail”. Clinical implications of pelvic floor anatomy and nerve supply are evident: a denervation of this muscle group and the consequent muscle dysfunction could result in urinary and/or fecal incontinence, as well as pelvic organ prolapse.

scholarly journals Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Head and Neck: A Multimodal Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (01) ◽  
pp. 058-064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Casey ◽  
Suzanne Wolden
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Multimodal Approach ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Head And Neck Region ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Treatment Paradigm ◽  
And Function

AbstractHead and neck rhabdomyosarcoma (HNRMS) is a uniquely challenging site to treat given the young patient age and critical anatomy of the head and neck region. We review the characteristics, management, and future directions in the treatment of HNRMS. Most patients who present with HNRMS have unresectable disease due to functional and/or cosmetic constraints. However, surgical resection and brachytherapy serve a critical role in select patients. The treatment paradigm for the majority of patients with HNRMS consists of definitive chemotherapy and radiation therapy. As the incidence of late toxicities increases with improved survival, modern efforts must focus on ways to decrease long-term morbidity. We recommend a multimodal approach emphasizing the preservation of form and function for the treatment of HNRMS.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of DNA and RNA

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).

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