scholarly journals The (Dis)Pleasures of Creativity: Spontaneous Eye Blink Rate during Divergent and Convergent Thinking Depends on Individual Differences in Positive and Negative Affect

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 436-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alwin Rooij ◽  
Ruben D. Vromans
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Convergent Thinking ◽  
Eye Blink ◽  
Divergent And Convergent Thinking

scholarly journals Spontaneous eye blink rate predicts individual differences in exploration and exploitation during reinforcement learning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne C. Van Slooten ◽  
Sara Jahfari ◽  
Jan Theeuwesu
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Exploration And Exploitation ◽  
Successful Performance ◽  
Eye Blink ◽  
Mixture Modelling

AbstractSpontaneous eye blink rate (sEBR) has been linked to striatal dopamine function and to how individuals make value-based choices after a period of reinforcement learning (RL). While sEBR is thought to reflect how individuals learn from the negative outcomes of their choices, this idea has not been tested explicitly. This study assessed how individual differences in sEBR relate to learning by focusing on the cognitive processes that drive RL. Using Bayesian latent mixture modelling to quantify the mapping between RL behaviour and its underlying cognitive processes, we were able to differentiate low and high sEBR individuals at the level of these cognitive processes. Further inspection of these cognitive processes indicated that sEBR uniquely indexed explore-exploit tendencies during RL: lower sEBR predicted exploitative choices for high valued options, whereas higher sEBR predicted exploration of lower value options. This relationship was additionally supported by a network analysis where, notably, no link was observed between sEBR and how individuals learned from negative outcomes. Our findings challenge the notion that sEBR predicts learning from negative outcomes during RL, and suggest that sEBR predicts individual explore-exploit tendencies. These then influence value sensitivity during choices to support successful performance when facing uncertain reward.

Individual Differences in Cognitive Reappraisal Predict Emotional Experience Prior to Achievement Situations

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Balzarotti ◽  
Valentina Chiarella ◽  
Maria Rita Ciceri
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Cognitive Reappraisal ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Time Points

Abstract. In the present study, we examined whether individual differences in the use of cognitive reappraisal predict the experience of more positive and less negative emotions prior to an evaluative task, as well as whether reappraisal is associated with better performance. In a longitudinal design, 130 students were asked to report their spontaneous use of reappraisal as well as the emotions experienced at three time points prior to an academic exam. Results showed that the use of cognitive reappraisal measured when students began to study predicted less negative and more positive emotions in the following two weeks. Further, positive and negative affect were significant predictors of the grade achieved. Finally, cognitive reappraisal had a significant indirect effect on the grade students achieved. These findings suggest that cognitive reappraisal can be effective in regulating emotions while approaching evaluative stressors.

scholarly journals Eye-blink rate predicts individual differences in pseudoneglect

2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 1265-1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heleen A. Slagter ◽  
Richard J. Davidson ◽  
Rachel Tomer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Eye Blink

scholarly journals Spontaneous eye blink rate predicts individual differences in exploration and exploitation during reinforcement learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne C. Van Slooten ◽  
Sara Jahfari ◽  
Jan Theeuwes
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Exploration And Exploitation ◽  
Successful Performance ◽  
Eye Blink ◽  
Mixture Modelling

AbstractSpontaneous eye blink rate (sEBR) has been linked to striatal dopamine function and to how individuals make value-based choices after a period of reinforcement learning (RL). While sEBR is thought to reflect how individuals learn from the negative outcomes of their choices, this idea has not been tested explicitly. This study assessed how individual differences in sEBR relate to learning by focusing on the cognitive processes that drive RL. Using Bayesian latent mixture modelling to quantify the mapping between RL behaviour and its underlying cognitive processes, we were able to differentiate low and high sEBR individuals at the level of these cognitive processes. Further inspection of these cognitive processes indicated that sEBR uniquely indexed explore-exploit tendencies during RL: lower sEBR predicted exploitative choices for high valued options, whereas higher sEBR predicted exploration of lower value options. This relationship was additionally supported by a network analysis where, notably, no link was observed between sEBR and how individuals learned from negative outcomes. Our findings challenge the notion that sEBR predicts learning from negative outcomes during RL, and suggest that sEBR predicts individual explore-exploit tendencies. These then influence value sensitivity during choices to support successful performance when facing uncertain reward.

scholarly journals Individual differences in eye blink rate predict both transient and tonic pupil responses during reversal learning

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. e0185665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne C. Van Slooten ◽  
Sara Jahfari ◽  
Tomas Knapen ◽  
Jan Theeuwes
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Reversal Learning ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Eye Blink ◽  
Tonic Pupil

Vulnerability to Psychologial Distress: Empirical and Conceptual Distinctions between Measures of Neuroticism and Negative Affect

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1315-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim McLennan ◽  
Glen W. Bates
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Recent Period

In two studies, 97 and 176 individuals (47 men and 50 women, M age 34.2 yr.; and 88 men and 88 women, M age 34.8) known to have experienced a recent period of psychological distress were compared with otherwise similar individuals who reported no such experience on measures of neuroticism, extraversion, and positive and negative affect. In both studies the neuroticism measure was a significant independent discriminator between the groups while the negative affect measure was not. This suggests that (a) measures of neuroticism tap factors additional to those tapped by scales measuring only levels of characteristic negative affect and (b) these factors are related to individual differences in vulnerability to psychological distress.

scholarly journals Differences in the Between–Person and Within–Person Structures of Affect Are A Matter of Degree

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Brose ◽  
Manuel C. Voelkle ◽  
Martin Lövdén ◽  
Ulman Lindenberger ◽  
Florian Schmiedek
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
European Association ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Over Time

This study tested whether the structure of affect observed on the basis of between–person (BP) differences is equivalent to the affect structures that organize the variability of affective states within persons (WP) over time. Further aims were to identify individual differences in the degree of divergence between the WP and BP structure and examine its association to dispositional and contextual variables (neuroticism, extraversion, well–being and stress). In 100 daily sessions, 101 younger adults rated their mood on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Variability of five negative affect items across time was so low that they were excluded from the analyses. We thus worked with a modified negative affect subscale. WP affect structures diverged reliably from the BP structure, with individual differences in the degree of divergence. Differences in the WP structural characteristics and the degree of divergence could be predicted by well–being and stress. We conclude that BP and WP structures of affect are not equivalent and that BP and WP variation should be considered as distinct phenomena. It would be wrong, for example, to conceive of positive and negative affect as independent at the WP level, as suggested by BP findings. Yet, individual differences in WP structural characteristics are related to stable BP differences, and the degree to which individuals’ affect structures diverge from the BP structure can provide important insights into intraindividual functioning. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology

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