scholarly journals Projection neurons from the central nucleus of the amygdala to the nucleus pontis oralis

2010 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon J. Fung ◽  
MingChu Xi ◽  
JianHua Zhang ◽  
Pablo Torterolo ◽  
Sharon Sampogna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Projection Neurons

scholarly journals Refinement of the primate corticospinal pathway during prenatal development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Rita Ribeiro Gomes ◽  
Etienne Olivier ◽  
Herbert P. Killackey ◽  
Pascale Giroud ◽  
Michel Berland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Zona Incerta ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Corticospinal Pathway ◽  
Contralateral Projection ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Ipsilateral Projection

AbstractPerturbation of the developmental refinement of the corticospinal pathway leads to motor disorders. In non-primates developmental refinement is well documented, however in primates invasive investigations of the developing corticospinal pathway have been confined to neonatal and postnatal stages when refinement is relatively modest.Here, we investigated the developmental changes in the distribution of corticospinal projection neurons in cynomolgus monkey. Injections of retrograde tracer at the cervical levels of the spinal cord at embryonic day (E) 95 and E105 show that (i) areal distribution of back-labeled neurons is more extensive than in the neonate and dense labeling is found in prefrontal, limbic, temporal and occipital cortex; (ii) distributions of contra- and ipsilateral projecting corticospinal neurons are comparable in terms of location and numbers of labeled neurons, in contrast to the adult where the contralateral projection is an order of magnitude higher than the ipsilateral projection. Findings from one largely restricted injection suggest a hitherto unsuspected early innervation of the gray matter.In the fetus there was in addition dense labeling in the central nucleus of the amygdala, the hypothalamus, the subthalamic nucleus and the adjacent region of the zona incerta, subcortical structures with only minor projections in the adult control.

New Vistas on Amygdala Networks in Conditioned Fear

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Paré ◽  
Gregory J. Quirk ◽  
Joseph E. Ledoux
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Conditioned Fear ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Conditioned Freezing ◽  
Fear Potentiated Startle ◽  
Classically Conditioned ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Critical Site

It is currently believed that the acquisition of classically conditioned fear involves potentiation of conditioned thalamic inputs in the lateral amygdala (LA). In turn, LA cells would excite more neurons in the central nucleus (CE) that, via their projections to the brain stem and hypothalamus, evoke fear responses. However, LA neurons do not directly contact brain stem-projecting CE neurons. This is problematic because CE projections to the periaqueductal gray and pontine reticular formation are believed to generate conditioned freezing and fear-potentiated startle, respectively. Moreover, like LA, CE may receive direct thalamic inputs communicating information about the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. Finally, recent evidence suggests that the CE itself may be a critical site of plasticity. This review attempts to reconcile the current model with these observations. We suggest that potentiated LA outputs disinhibit CE projection neurons via GABAergic intercalated neurons, thereby permitting associative plasticity in CE. Thus plasticity in both LA and CE would be necessary for acquisition of conditioned fear. This revised model also accounts for inhibition of conditioned fear after extinction.

scholarly journals Alcohol dependence activates ventral tegmental area projections to central amygdala in male mice and rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M Avegno ◽  
Chelsea R Kasten ◽  
William B Snyder ◽  
Leslie K Kelley ◽  
Thomas D Lobell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Ventral Tegmental Area ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Anterograde Tracing ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Central Amygdala ◽  
Reward Circuitry ◽  
Ventral Tegmental ◽  
Functional Relevance

AbstractThe neural adaptations that occur during the transition to alcohol dependence are not entirely understood, but may include a gradual recruitment of brain stress circuitry by mesolimbic reward circuitry that is activated during early stages of alcohol use. Here, we focused on dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA), important for mediating acute alcohol reinforcement, to the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), important for alcohol dependence-related negative affect and escalated alcohol drinking. The VTA projects directly to the CeA, but the functional relevance of this circuit is not fully established. Therefore, we combined retrograde and anterograde tracing, anatomical, and electrophysiological experiments in mice and rats to demonstrate that the CeA receives input from both dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic projection neurons primarily from the lateral VTA. We then used slice electrophysiology and fos immunohistochemistry to test the effects of alcohol dependence on activity and activation profiles of CeA-projecting neurons in the VTA. Our data indicate that alcohol dependence activates midbrain projections to the central amygdala, suggesting that VTA projections may trigger plasticity in the CeA during the transition to alcohol dependence and that this circuit may be involved in mediating behavioral dysregulation associated with alcohol dependence.

Functional Segregation of ITD Sensitivity in the Inferior Colliculus of Decerebrate Cats

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 2251-2261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramnarayan Ramachandran ◽  
Bradford J. May
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Processing ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Medial Superior Olive ◽  
Superior Olive ◽  
Decerebrate Cats

Decerebration allows single-unit responses in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) to be studied in the absence of anesthesia and descending efferent influences. When this procedure is applied to cats, three neural response types (V, I, and O) can be identified by distinct patterns of excitation and inhibition in pure-tone frequency-response maps. Similarities of the definitive response map features with those of projection neurons in the auditory brain stem have led to the proposal that the ICC response types are derived from different sources of ascending input that remain functionally segregated within the midbrain. Additional evidence for the existence of these hypothesized parallel processing pathways has been obtained in our previous investigations of the effects of interaural level differences, brain stem lesions, and pharmacological manipulations on physiologically classified units. This study extends our characterization of the functional segregation of single-unit activity in the ICC by investigating how sensitivity to interaural time differences (ITDs) is related to the response types that are observed in decerebrate cats. The results of these experiments support our parallel-processing model of the ICC by linking the ITD sensitivity of type V and I units to putative inputs from the medial superior olive and lateral superior olive and by showing that most type O units lack a systematic sensitivity to binaural temporal information presumably because their dominant ascending inputs arise from weakly binaural neurons in the dorsal cochlear nucleus.

scholarly journals Excitatory cholecystokinin neurons of the midbrain integrate diverse temporal responses and drive auditory thalamic subdomains

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (10) ◽  
pp. e2007724118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren J. Kreeger ◽  
Catherine J. Connelly ◽  
Preeti Mehta ◽  
Boris V. Zemelman ◽  
Nace L. Golding
Keyword(s):  
Large Family ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Temporal Response ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Distinct Cell Type ◽  
Response Diversity ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Intrinsic Firing

The central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) integrates information about different features of sound and then distributes this information to thalamocortical circuits. However, the lack of clear definitions of circuit elements in the ICC has limited our understanding of the nature of these circuit transformations. Here, we combine virus-based genetic access with electrophysiological and optogenetic approaches to identify a large family of excitatory, cholecystokinin-expressing thalamic projection neurons in the ICC of the Mongolian gerbil. We show that these neurons form a distinct cell type, displaying uniform morphology and intrinsic firing features, and provide powerful, spatially restricted excitation exclusively to the ventral auditory thalamus. In vivo, these neurons consistently exhibit V-shaped receptive field properties but strikingly diverse temporal responses to sound. Our results indicate that temporal response diversity is maintained within this population of otherwise uniform cells in the ICC and then relayed to cortex through spatially restricted thalamic subdomains.

Computational Modeling of Lateral Amygdala Neurons During Acquisition and Extinction of Conditioned Fear, Using Hebbian Learning

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoshi Li ◽  
Stacy Cheng ◽  
Frank Ko ◽  
Scott L. Raunch ◽  
Gregory Quirk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Hebbian Learning ◽  
Conditioned Fear ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Basal Nucleus ◽  
Learned Fear ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Lateral Nucleus

The amygdaloid complex located within the medial temporal lobe plays an important role in the acquisition and expression of learned fear associations (Quirk et al. 2003) and contains three main components: the lateral nucleus (LA), the basal nucleus (BLA), and the central nucleus (CE) (Faber and Sah, 2002). The lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) is widely accepted to be a key site of plastic synaptic events that contributes to fear learning (Pare, Quirk, LeDoux, 2004). There are two main types of neurons within the LA and the BLA: principal pyramidal-like cells which form projection neurons and are glutamatergic and local circuit GABAergic interneurons (Faber and Sah, 2002). In auditory fear conditioning, convergence of tone [conditioned stimulus (CS)] and foot-shock [unconditioned stimulus (US)] inputs potentiates the synaptic transmission containing CS information from the thalamus and cortex to LA, which leads to larger responses in LA in the presentation of subsequent tones only. The increasing LA responses disinhibit the CE neurons via the intercalated (ITC) cells, eliciting fear responses via excessive projections to brain stem and hypothalamic sites (Pare, Quirk, LeDoux, 2004). As a result, rats learn to freeze to a tone that predicts a foot-shock. Once acquired, conditioned fear associations are not always expressed and repeated presentation of the tone CS in the absence of US causes conditioned fear responses to rapidly diminish, a phenomenon termed fear extinction (Quirk et al. 2003). Extinction does not erase the CS-US association, instead it forms a new memory that inhibits conditioned response (Quirk et al. 2003)

scholarly journals Refinement of the Primate Corticospinal Pathway During Prenatal Development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Rita Ribeiro Gomes ◽  
Etienne Olivier ◽  
Herbert P Killackey ◽  
Pascale Giroud ◽  
Michel Berland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Zona Incerta ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Contralateral Projection ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Ipsilateral Projection

Abstract Perturbation of the developmental refinement of the corticospinal (CS) pathway leads to motor disorders. While non-primate developmental refinement is well documented, in primates invasive investigations of the developing CS pathway have been confined to neonatal and postnatal stages when refinement is relatively modest. Here, we investigated the developmental changes in the distribution of CS projection neurons in cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Injections of retrograde tracer at cervical levels of the spinal cord at embryonic day (E) 95 and E105 show that: (i) areal distribution of back-labeled neurons is more extensive than in the neonate and dense labeling is found in prefrontal, limbic, temporal, and occipital cortex; (ii) distributions of contralateral and ipsilateral projecting CS neurons are comparable in terms of location and numbers of labeled neurons, in contrast to the adult where the contralateral projection is an order of magnitude higher than the ipsilateral projection. Findings from one largely restricted injection suggest a hitherto unsuspected early innervation of the gray matter. In the fetus there was in addition dense labeling in the central nucleus of the amygdala, the hypothalamus, the subthalamic nucleus, and the adjacent region of the zona incerta, subcortical structures with only minor projections in the adult control.

Author response for "Laminar distribution of cortical projection neurons to the pulvinar: A comparative study in cats and mice"

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Oliveira Ferreira de Souza ◽  
Éve‐Marie Frigon ◽  
Robert Tremblay‐Laliberté ◽  
Christian Casanova ◽  
Denis Boire
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Author Response ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Cortical Projection ◽  
Laminar Distribution
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