scholarly journals Efficiencies and kinetics of infection in different cell types/lines by African and Asian strains of Zika virus

2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzane Ramos da Silva ◽  
Fan Cheng ◽  
I‐Chueh Huang ◽  
Jae U. Jung ◽  
Shou‐Jiang Gao
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Kinetics Of

scholarly journals Chemical and Light Inducible Epigenome Editing

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 998
Author(s):  
Weiye Zhao ◽  
Yufan Wang ◽  
Fu-Sen Liang
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Epigenome Editing ◽  
Specific Targeting ◽  
Conditional Control ◽  
Cellular Behaviors ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Epigenetic Research

The epigenome defines the unique gene expression patterns and resulting cellular behaviors in different cell types. Epigenome dysregulation has been directly linked to various human diseases. Epigenome editing enabling genome locus-specific targeting of epigenome modifiers to directly alter specific local epigenome modifications offers a revolutionary tool for mechanistic studies in epigenome regulation as well as the development of novel epigenome therapies. Inducible and reversible epigenome editing provides unique temporal control critical for understanding the dynamics and kinetics of epigenome regulation. This review summarizes the progress in the development of spatiotemporal-specific tools using small molecules or light as inducers to achieve the conditional control of epigenome editing and their applications in epigenetic research.

scholarly journals Phosphorylation and internalization of gp130 occur after IL-6 activation of Jak2 kinase in hepatocytes.

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 819-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Wang ◽  
G M Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Surface Expression ◽  
Cell Surface Expression ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Kinetics Of

Recent evidence has shown that members of the Jak kinase family are activated after IL-6 binds to its receptor complex, leading to a tyrosine phosphorylation of gp130, the IL-6 signal-transducing subunit. The different members of the IL-6 cytokine subfamily induce distinct patterns of Jak-Tyk phosphorylation in different cell types. Using monospecific antibodies to gp130, Jak2 kinase, and phosphotyrosine, we investigated the kinetics of IL-6 stimulation of members of this pathway in primary hepatocytes. Our findings show that Jak 2 is maximally activated within 2 min of exposure to IL-6, followed by gp130 phosphorylation that reaches its peak in another 2 min then declines to basal level by 60 min. In vitro phosphorylation experiments show that activated Jak 2 is able to phosphorylate both native gp130 and a fusion peptide containing its cytoplasmic domain, demonstrating gp130 is a direct substrate of Jak 2 kinase. Experiments designed to explore the cell surface expression of gp130 show that > or = 2 h are required to get a second round of phosphorylation after the addition of more cytokines. This finding suggests that activated gp130 is internalized from the cell surface after IL-6 stimulation. Additional experiments using protein synthesis inhibitors reveal that new protein synthesis is required to get a second cycle of gp130 phosphorylation indicating gp130 must be synthesized de novo and inserted into the membrane. These findings provide strong evidence that down regulation of the IL-6 signal in hepatocytes involves the internalization and cytosol degradation of gp130.

Energetics of muscle contraction: the whole is less than the sum of its parts

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Kushmerick ◽  
K. E. Conley
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Muscle Energetics ◽  
Modular Units ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Kinetics Of

Understanding muscle energetics is a problem in optimizing supply of ATP to the demands of ATPases. The complexity of reactions and their fluxes to achieve this balance is greatly reduced by recognizing constraints imposed by the integration of common metabolites at fixed stoichiometry among modular units. ATPase is driven externally. Oxidative phosphorylation and glycogenolysis are the suppliers. We focus on their regulation which involves different controls, but reduces to two principles that enable facile experimental analysis of the supply and demand fluxes. The ratio of concentration of phospho-creatine (PCr) to ATP, not their individual values, sets the range of achievable concentrations of ADP in resting and active muscle (at fixed pH) in different cell types. This principle defines the fraction of available flux of oxidative phosphorylation utilized (at fixed enzyme activities). Then the kinetics of PCr recovery defines the kinetics of oxygen supply and substrate utilization. The second principle is the constancy of PCr and H+ (lactate) production by glycogenolysis due to the coupling of ATPase and glycolysis. This principle enables glycogenolytic flux to be measured from intracellular proton loads. Further simplification occurs because the magnitude of the interacting fluxes and metabolite concentrations are specified within narrow limits when both the resting and active fluxes are quantified. Thus there is a small set of rules for assessing and understanding the thermodynamics and kinetics of muscle energetics.

scholarly journals Carboxyfluorescein Diacetate Succinimidyl Ester Fluorescent Dye for Cell Labeling

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 379-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Qi Wang ◽  
Xiu-Mei Duan ◽  
Li-Hua Liu ◽  
Yan-Qiu Fang ◽  
Yan Tan
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Fluorescent Dye ◽  
Optimal Concentration ◽  
Cell Labeling ◽  
Cell Death Rate ◽  
Succinimidyl Ester ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Diacetate Succinimidyl

Abstract Our objective was to study the properties of the carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE) and the methodology of cell labeling using CFDA-SE fluorescent dye. First, we analyzed the kinetics of CFDA-SE fluorescent dye intensity over time. Second, we determined the optimal concentration of CFDA-SE fluorescent dye for cell labeling. Third, we tested the toxicity of CFDA-SE fluorescent dye on labeled cells. Finally, we determined the optimal staining time of CFDA-SE fluorescent dye for cell labeling. The results show that the optimal concentration of CFDA-SE fluorescent dye for cell labeling varies according to different cell types. CFDA-SE fluorescent dye is non-toxic to cells as the cell death rate caused by CFDASE labeling is below 5%. The optimal cell labeling time was determined to be 8 min of incubation with CFDA-SE fluorescent dye. We concluded that the advantages of using CFDA-SE fluorescent dye for cell labeling are as follows: (1) the binding of CFDA-SE fluorescent dye to cells is stable; (2) CFDA-SE fluorescent dye is not toxic and does not modify the viability of labeled cells; and (3) CFDA-SE fluorescent dye is a suitable fluorochrome for cell labeling.

scholarly journals Kinetics of transcription of human cytomegalovirus chemokine receptor US28 in different cell types.

1999 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Zipeto ◽  
B Bodaghi ◽  
L Laurent ◽  
J L Virelizier ◽  
S Michelson
Keyword(s):  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Chemokine Receptor ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Kinetics Of

scholarly journals CELL POPULATION KINETICS OF AN OSTEOGENIC TISSUE · II

1963 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen Owen ◽  
Sheila MacPherson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Kinetics ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Population Kinetics ◽  
Periosteal Surface ◽  
S Period ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Kinetics Of

A study of the cell kinetics on the actively growing periosteal surface of the femur of rabbits aged 2 weeks has been continued. A single injection of tritiated thymidine was given and the rabbits killed from 1 hour to 4 days after injection. The grain count spectra of the different cell types, pre-osteoblast, osteoblast, and osteocyte, have been compared at different times after injection. The results showed evidence for the uptake of thymidine in nuclei which is not associated with cell division. A small percentage of osteoblasts was initially labeled at 1 hour and there was evidence that the majority of these had not divided by 3 or 4 days after injection. Some thymidine-labeled cells had also become osteocytes without division. Furthermore, it appeared that a considerable fraction of the initially labeled pre-osteoblasts did not divide. The S period for the pre-osteoblasts and osteoblasts was measured using a double-labeled thymidine technique.

scholarly journals Erythromycin Estolate Inhibits Zika Virus Infection by Blocking Viral Entry as a Viral Inactivator

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohuan Wang ◽  
Shuai Xia ◽  
Peng Zou ◽  
Lu Lu
Keyword(s):  
Viral Entry ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Clinical Drugs ◽  
Erythromycin Estolate ◽  
Different Cell Types

Recently, Zika virus (ZIKV) has attracted much attention in consideration of its association with severe neurological complications including fetal microcephaly. However, there are currently no prophylactic vaccines or therapeutic drugs approved for clinical treatments of ZIKV infection. To determine the potential anti-ZIKV inhibitors, we screened a library of clinical drugs with good safety profiles. Erythromycin estolate (Ery-Est), one of the macrolide antibiotics, was found to effectively inhibit ZIKV infection in different cell types and significantly protect A129 mice from ZIKV-associated neurological signs and mortality. Through further investigation, Ery-Est was verified to inhibit ZIKV entry by disrupting the integrity of the viral membrane which resulted in the loss of ZIKV infectivity. Furthermore, Ery-Est also showed inhibitory activity against dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV). Thus, Ery-Est may be a promising drug for patients with ZIKV infection, particularly pregnant women.

Study of the Molecular Architecture of Keratin Filaments by Electron Microscopy

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
U. Aebi ◽  
P. Rew ◽  
T.-T. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Keratin Filaments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
10 Nm Filaments ◽  
Different Cell Types

Various types of intermediate-sized (10-nm) filaments have been found and described in many different cell types during the past few years. Despite the differences in the chemical composition among the different types of filaments, they all yield common structural features: they are usually up to several microns long and have a diameter of 7 to 10 nm; there is evidence that they are made of several 2 to 3.5 nm wide protofilaments which are helically wound around each other; the secondary structure of the polypeptides constituting the filaments is rich in ∞-helix. However a detailed description of their structural organization is lacking to date.

Processing and Characterization of Recombinant von Willebrand Factor Expressed in Different Cell Types Using a Vaccinia Virus Vector

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (01) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Meulien ◽  
M Nishino ◽  
C Mazurier ◽  
K Dott ◽  
G Piétu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Von Willebrand Factor ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
L Cells ◽  
Von Willebrand ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Willebrand Factor

SummaryThe cloning of the cDNA encoding von Willebrand factor (vWF) has revealed that it is synthesized as a large precursor (pre-pro-vWF) molecule and it is now clear that the prosequence or vWAgll is responsible for the intracellular multimerization of vWF. We have cloned the complete vWF cDNA and expressed it using a recombinant vaccinia virus as vector. We have characterized the structure and function of the recombinant vWF (rvWF) secreted from five different cell types: baby hamster kidney (BHK), Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), human fibroblasts (143B), mouse fibroblasts (L) and primary embryonic chicken cells. Forty-eight hours after infection, the quantity of vWF antigen found in the cell supernatant varied from 3 to 12 U/dl depending on the cell type. By SDS-agarose gel electrophoresis, the percentage of high molecular weight forms of vWF varied from 39 to 49% relative to normal plasma for BHK, CHO, 143B and chicken cells but was less than 10% for L cells. In all cell types, the two anodic subbands of each multimer were missing. The two cathodic subbands were easily detected only in BHK and L cells. By SDS-PAGE of reduced samples, pro-vWF was present in similar quantity to the fully processed vWF subunit in L cells, present in moderate amounts in BHK and CHO and in very low amounts in 143B and chicken cells. rvWF from all cells bound to collagen and to platelets in the presence of ristocetin, the latter showing a high correlation between binding efficiency and degree of multimerization. rvWF from all cells was also shown to bind to purified FVIII and in this case binding appeared to be independent of the degree of multimerization. We conclude that whereas vWF is naturally synthesized only by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, it can be expressed in a biologically active form from various other cell types.

Role of Transcriptional Read-Through in PRE Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Acta Naturae ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Elizar’ev ◽  
D. V. Lomaev ◽  
D. A. Chetverina ◽  
P. G. Georgiev ◽  
M. M. Erokhin
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Transcription Terminator ◽  
Response Elements ◽  
Polycomb Response Elements ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Main Factor

Maintenance of the individual patterns of gene expression in different cell types is required for the differentiation and development of multicellular organisms. Expression of many genes is controlled by Polycomb (PcG) and Trithorax (TrxG) group proteins that act through association with chromatin. PcG/TrxG are assembled on the DNA sequences termed PREs (Polycomb Response Elements), the activity of which can be modulated and switched from repression to activation. In this study, we analyzed the influence of transcriptional read-through on PRE activity switch mediated by the yeast activator GAL4. We show that a transcription terminator inserted between the promoter and PRE doesnt prevent switching of PRE activity from repression to activation. We demonstrate that, independently of PRE orientation, high levels of transcription fail to dislodge PcG/TrxG proteins from PRE in the absence of a terminator. Thus, transcription is not the main factor required for PRE activity switch.

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